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X.lXXX&XX.lUSUS.,      0  (%$  1   P c" X.lXXX&XX.lUSUS.,  _%&&sT&?/+b|0x `V@Exx-s Beyondtheverymostcrucialofinstructions  (e.g.reasonabledoubtandelementsofan    offense),therulesregardingwhenarequestis  requiredforaninstructionarequitenuanced  andnotnecessarilyintuitive.Forthatreason, ((  thebetterpractice,byfar,istoassumearequestorobjectionis 22 requiredinordertopreserveanyinstructionalissuefor << appellatereview.#&%&# FF IssuesarisingfromtheadoptionofCALCRIMandits Z Z  differenceswithCALJICwilllikelybeinthenatureof d d  clarifyingorpinpointinstructions,ratherthanflat n n  misstatementsofsubstantivelaw,suchastheomissionofan x x  element.Preservationofsuchissueswouldundoubtedly   requireatrialcourtrequestorobjection.  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X.lXXX&XX.lUSUS.,  _  iV&8ճdd8  PreservingInstructionalErrorforAppellateReview  %  1         #&iV#&M %& PreparedbyJ.BradleyOConnellandJonathanD.Soglin  \ StaffAttorneys,FirstDistrictAppellateProject < March2006#& %&M#iV&     #&iV#InstructionalissuesareafruitfulgroundforappealandtheCaliforniaJudicial  X CouncilsadoptionoftheCALCRIMmodeljuryinstructionsdoesnotchange  b that.NordoestheadoptionofCALCRIMaltertheprinciplesgoverning l  preservinginstructionalerrorsforappellatereview.Thesematerialswilladdress &v  waiver,invitederror,andfederalizingofinstructionalerrors.But,first,a 0  cautionary,pinpoint,andlimitinginstructionofourownisrequired: :   | F62j|70 " d ` @E d| ]!(#]!(#(#(# N  #fB]!(#]!(# #I.0  SuaSponteDuty:MostCrucialInstructionsRequiredWithoutaRequest (#(#   A.0 ` StatutoryandCaseLawAuthority` (#` (#    ` 1.0 SubstantialRightsAffected: Theappellatecourtmayalso  reviewanyinstructiongiven,refusedormodified,even  " thoughnoobjectionwasmadetheretointhelowercourt,if  , thesubstantialrightsofthedefendantwereaffectedthereby.  6 Pen.Code1259. @ (# (#    ` 2.0 GeneralPrinciplesofLaw: Itissettledthatincriminal T  cases,evenintheabsenceofarequest, thetrialcourtmust ^  instructonthegeneralprinciplesoflawrelevanttothe h  issuesraisedbytheevidence .Thegeneralprinciplesoflaw j  governingthecasearethoseprinciplescloselyandopenly $t connectedwiththefactsbeforethecourt,andwhichare .~ necessaryforthejury'sunderstandingofthecase.Peoplev. 8 Breverman(1998)19Cal.4th142,154(emphasisadded;internal B quotationmarksandcitationsomitted).L (# (#   B.0 ` ExamplesofInstructionsRequiredWithoutRequest`` (#` (#    ` 1.0 Reasonabledoubt(CALCRIM220;CALJIC2.90).t (# (#    ` 2.0 Elementsofthechargesoffenses.Peoplev.Flood(1998)18  Cal.4th470. (# (#    ` 3.0 Lesserincludedoffenses whentheevidenceraisesaquestion   astowhetheralloftheelementsofthechargedoffensewere ! present.Breverman,19Cal.4that154."  (# (#    ` 4.0 Targetoffensefor naturalandprobableconsequences $  theoryofliability.Peoplev.Prettyman(1996)14Cal.4th248.%(!  (# (#    ` 5.0 Unanimity(CALCRIM3500;CALJIC17.01).Requiredtwoor '<#" moredistinctincidentscouldsupportacountandjurors (F$# wouldpotentiallyconvictwithoutagreeingonbasisfor *P%$ conviction.Peoplev.Beardslee(1991)53Cal.3d68,93. +Z&% (# (#    ` 6.0 Incorrectormisleadinginstructions.Defendantmaychallenge  incorrectormisleadinginstructions,regardlessofwhether   thoseinstructionsotherwisewouldhavecomewithinsua  sponteduties.Peoplev.Castillo(1997)16Cal.4th1009,1015;  Peoplev.Prettyman(1996)14Cal.4th248,270. Evenifthe ( courthasnosuaspontedutytoinstructonaparticularlegal  2 point,whenitdoeschoosetoinstruct,itmustdosocorrectly.  < Castillo,16Cal.4that1015. F (# (#  II.0  RequestRequired (e.g.cautionaryandlimitinginstructions). Z (#(#   A.0 ` Cautionary&LimitingInstructions(Examples)n ` (#` (#    ` 1.0 Admonitiontoviewjailhouseinformantstestimonywith 2  caution.Pen.Code1127a.< (# (#    ` 2.0 Instructionslimitingpurposesforwhichjurorsmayconsider P particularevidence(Evid.Code355):Z (# (#    `  a.0  limitationonuseofotheroffenses(Peoplev.Padilla n (1995)11Cal.4th891,950);x(#(#    `  b.0  limitationofunMirandizedstatementtoimpeachment  (Peoplev.Torrez(1995)31Cal.App.4th1084,10881091).(#(#   B.0 ` Pinpointinstructions.Instructionswhichrelatethegenerallegal  concepts(suchaselementsoftheoffenseoraffirmativedefenses)to  particularcategoriesofevidenceorotherwisehighlighttypesof   circumstanceswhichmaygiverisetoareasonabledoubt. Such ! instructionsrelateparticularfactstoalegalissueinthecaseor "" pinpointthecruxofadefendantscase,suchasmistaken #, identificationoralibi.(Peoplev.Saille(1991)54Cal.3d1103,1119.)$6 ` (#` (#    ` 1.0 Manyinstructionswhichstatetheoriesofdefenseorother &J"! crucialmattersareconsideredmere pinpointinstructions, (T#" whichitisuptodefensecounseltorequest;)^$# (# (#    ` 2.0 Alibi(Peoplev.Freeman(1978)22Cal.3d434);"+r&% (# (#    ` 3.0 Identification,includingreliabilityfactors(CALCRIM315;  CALJIC2.91,2.92)(Peoplev.Wright(1988)45Cal.3d1126);  (# (#    ` 4.0 Relevanceofintoxicationtospecificintentorothermental  state(CALJCRIM625,3426;CALJIC4.21)(Peoplev.Saille ( (1991)54Cal.3d1103,1120); 2 (# (#    ` 5.0 Relevanceofprovocationtopremeditationanddeliberation  F (choicebetween1stand2ddegreemurder),evenwhen  P provocationinsufficienttoreducetomanslaughter  Z  (CALCRIM522;CALJIC8.73)(Peoplev.Middleton(1997)52 d  Cal.App.4th19);n  (# (#    ` 6.0 Bearingofvictimspriorthreatsorviolenceonselfdefense 2  issues(Peoplev.Pena(1984)151Cal.App.3d462,474478; < Peoplev.Moore(1954)43Cal.2d517,527529);F (# (#    ` 7.0 Afterformedintentruleinrobberycases(Peoplev.Webster Z (1991)54Cal.3d411,443444).d (# (#   C.0 ` Clarifyingor amplifyinginstructions: Generally,apartymay x notcomplainonappealthataninstructioncorrectinlawand  responsivetotheevidencewastoogeneralorincompleteunlessthe  partyhasrequestedappropriateclarifyingoramplifyinglanguage.  Peoplev.Guerra(Mar.2,2006,S036864)___Cal.4th,____,2006WL  488528,*43,slipop.at80;seealsoPeoplev.Andrews(1989)49Cal.3d  200,218;Peoplev.Guiuan(1998)18Cal.4th558,570.Guerrainvolved  threedistinctchallengestomotiveinstruction:burdenshiftingand   burdenrelievingchallengeswerecognizablewithoutobjection ! becauseaffectedsubstantialrights;challengebasedonfailureof "" modelinstructiontostate motivealonewasnotsufficientto #, establishguiltwasmerelyclarifyingandthuswaivedinthe $6  absenceofobjection.%@! ` (#` (#   D.0 ` DefensesLimitedSuaSponteDuty (T#"` (#` (#    ` 1.0 Atrialcourtsdutytoinstruct,suasponte,onparticular *X%$ defensesarisesonlyifitappearsthatthedefendantisrelying +b&% onsuchadefense,orifthereissubstantialevidence  supportiveofsuchadefenseandthedefenseisnot   inconsistentwiththedefendantstheoryofthecase.Peoplev.  Maury(2003)30Cal.4th342,424(citing,amongothercases,  Peoplev.Sedeno(1974)10Cal.3d703,716;additionalcitations ( andquotationmarksomitted). 2 (# (#    ` 2.0 Incontrast,alesserincludedoffenseinstructionmustbe  F given,evenoveradefenseobjection.SeePeoplev.Barton(1995)  P 12Cal.4th186. Z  (# (#  III.0  InvitedError n (#(#   A.0 ` Purpose: Thedoctrineofinvitederrorisdesignedtopreventan "r  accusedfromgainingareversalonappealbecauseofanerrormade ,| bythetrialcourtathisbehest.Peoplev.Wickersham(1982)32Cal.3d 6 307,330.@` (#` (#   B.0 ` ComponentsT` (#` (#    ` 1.0 Defendantintentionallycausedtrialcourttoerr.h (# (#    ` 2.0 Defensecounselactedfortacticalreasons,notoutofignorance | ormistake. (# (#    `  a.0  Affirmativeactiontakenbycounselerrorisinvited.  Example:errorinfailingtoinstructonexpressmalice  wasinvitedwhendefensecounselproposedomitting   definitionofexpressmalicefromCALJIC8.11.Peoplev. ! Catlin(2001)26Cal.4th81,150."(#(#    `  b.0  Mereacquiescencebydefensecounselerrorisnot $&  invited.Example:noinvitederrorwherecounsel %0!  answered Thatscorrectwhencourtstated ...I &:"! assumebothattorneysarejointlyrequestingIgivethese 'D#"  instructions.Peoplev.Moon(2005)37Cal.4th1,28.(N$#(#(#    `  c.0  Cautionarynote:usegreatcareincheckingoff   requestedCALCRIMinstructionsonalistsubmittedto   thetrialcourt.(#(# &  IV.0  Federalizing   h 0(#(# ((#(#    A.0 ` What? Preservingaclaimmadeunderthefederalconstitution(ora  , '1federalstatute). 6` (#` (#   &  B.0 ` Why?  J ` (#` (#    ` 1.0 Preventadefault.Relyingonlyonstatelawmaynotbe N  ' S2sufficienttopreserveafederalclaim,basedonthesameerror X  asthestatelawclaim,forstateappellatecourtreview(e.g., b  Peoplev.Barnett(1998)17Cal.4th1044,1119fn.54)andto l preventadefaultofthefederalclaiminfederalhabeas &v proceedings(seeBaldwinv.Reese(2004)541U.S.27).0 (# (#    ` 2.0 Morefavorableprejudicestandardondirectreview.Chapman D standard(harmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt)appliesto N federalconstitutionalclaims;Watsonstandard(reasonable X probabilityofmorefavorableresultinabsenceoftheerror) b appliestostatelawclaims.Peoplev.Sengpadychith(2001)26 l Cal.4th316,320321.v (# (#    C.0 ` How? ` (#` (#    ` 1.0 Citefederalconstitutionalprovision,U.S.SupremeCourtcase,   orotherfederalcaselaw.Mostpotentialfederalconstitutional ! claimsinvolvingjuryinstructionsrestuponacombinationof " therighttojurytrial(6thAmend.)anddueprocess(5th& #  14thAmends.)Thefederalconstitutionalmagnitudeofan $  instructionaldefectismostclearwhereitconcernsthe % !  elementsoftheoffense,thetheoriesofcriminalliability,or &*"! defensetheoriessuchasaffirmativedefensesandlesser '4#"  includedoffenses.(>$# (# (#    ` 2.0 Dontassumecitingastatecaseisadequatetofederalize,even  ifthestatecase,inturn,citesfederalauthorities.Avoidthe    daisychain.Howellv.Mississippi(2005)543U.S.440(2005). (# (#     `  a.0  InU.S.SupremeCourt:claimed8thamendviolationfor ( failuretogivejuryinstructiononLIOincapitalcase. 2(#(#    `  b.0  Instatesupremecourt,didnotciteConstitution,butdid  F citestatecases,someofwhichcitedbothstateand  P federalauthorities. Z (#(#    `  c.0  holdingonpreservationoffederalclaim: petitioners n  daisychain---whichdependsuponacasethatwascited (x  byoneofthecasesthatwascitedbyoneofthecases 2  thatpetitionercited---istoolengthy8.<(#(# Ѐ   ` 3.0 Consultthefederalizingchart: &P (# (# * Wddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,dd ,*dd +  +dd +Error    =,! =FederalClaim -#! - Errorsandomissionsinelementsofthe $t offenseortheoriesofliability.  < Nederv.UnitedStates(1999)527U.S.1;UnitedStatesv. $t Gaudin(1995)515U.S.506.  @  Othererrorsthatremoveelementsfromthe P jury, includinginstructionsorjudicial h commentsthataparticularelementis 4 established asamatteroflaw.   Powellv.Galaza(9thCir.2003)328F.3d558(judges P commentthatdefendantstestimonyestablishedanelement l ofoffensetantamounttoadirectedverdictor mandatory 8 presumption).     Submissionofunauthorizedtheoriesof d! liability (e.g.,improperpredicateoffensefor ," felonymurderliability).   # E.g.,Sunigav.Bunnell(9thCir.1993)998F.2d664;Keatingv. d$ Hood(9thCir.1999)191F.3d1053.  0%  Errorsinthedefinitionofthe reasonable "X& doubtstandard orotherinstructionsthat " ' dilutethe reasonabledoubtrequirement.  #( Sullivanv.Louisiana(1993)508U.S.275.  "X)  Improper presumptions andothererrors $L * thatrelaxtheprosecutionsburdento %!+ establisheachelementbeyondareasonable &!, doubt.  `'"- Yatesv.Evatt(1991)500U.S.391.  $L .  Erroneousomissionoflesserincluded d offenseinstructionsormisstatementofthe , groundsforlesseroffenses.     Theory(1) :denialofadequateinstructionsonelementsof d chargedoffense.E.g.failuretoinstructonagroundthat 0 negatesmaliceorsomeotherelementofthecharged  offense (e.g.,heatofpassion,imperfectselfdefense).  x  Mullaneyv.Wilbur(1975)421U.S.684;seeJusticeKennards D  dissentinPeoplev.Breverman(1998)19Cal.4th142(note:  `  BrevermanmajoritydidnotreachMullaneyissue).  ,   Theory(2) :asdenialofinstructionsondefensetheory.  t   Condev.Henry(9thCir.1999)198F.3d734.  @    Denialofinstructionsonaffirmative   defenses (e.g.,selfdefense)ormisstatement h  ofthosedefenses.  4  Righttoadequateinstructionsonthe defensetheoryof   thecase.Mathewsv.UnitedStates485U.S.58;Bradleyv. l  Duncan(9thCir.2002)315F.3d1091;e.g.,Barkerv.Yukins 8  (6thCir.1999)199F.3d867.  T   Other defensetheories?  d  Righttoinstructionson defensetheoryisnotrestrictedto d  formal affirmativedefenses,butshouldalsoapplyto 0  othertheories,likethirdpartyculpability,alibi,etc.Butsee L Duckettv.Godinez(9thCir.1995)67F.3d734(though9th  Cir.requiresspecificalibiinstructionsinfederalcriminal  trials,denialofalibiinstructioninstatetrialdidntviolate ` dueprocess,whereoverallinstructionsadequately ,| communicatedprosecutionsdutytoprovedefendants H presenceatthescene).    Instructionson otheroffensesevidence.  $t Dueprocess.SeeGarceauv.Woodford(9thCir.2001)275 $t  F.3d769,775776,revdonothergrounds(2003)538U.S. @! 202(useof otheroffensesevidenceasproofofcriminal  " propensityviolateddueprocess)andGibsonv.Ortiz(9th # Cir.2004)387F.3d812,822. T$   #& >#