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DONNALYNMURPHY @..s 2600VanNessAvenue,Apartment604@..SanFrancisco,California94109@..r(415)7490160XXXO<6X9`("Courier 10cpiO"US ,   !  * `*Times New RomanTTx22PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paper        g (    X 6'*d66'*d6..H1..H2..H3..H4..H5..H6..H7..H8..H9..10..11..12..13..14..15..16..17..18..19..20..21..22..23..24..25..26..27..28   jD4Tech InitInitialize Technical Style( DEFGHIJK (DEFGHIJK CuyTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1K1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1fE2Doc InitInitialize Document Style( LMNOPQRS  (($0 ($0 0 (($0 0 0 LMNOPQRS A_ekqwDocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)Sa)R& 8BibliogrphyBibliography0....* `(CG TimesScalablePeople v. Cromer (2001) 24 Cal.4th 8891 _PPeople v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 3311 _PBlakely v. Washington (2004) 542 U.S. __1 _B Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 41 _A"Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 3071 _J$section 288.52 _s&section 288.12 _s(Fifth Amendment2 _F*Fourteenth Amendment2 _F,Sixth Amendment2 _S.United States v. Gaudin (1995) 515 U.S. 1 _U0Mullaney v. Wilbur (1975) 421 U.S. 6841 _M2In re Winship (1970) 397 U.S. 3581 _I4Specht v. Patterson (1967) 386 U.S. 6051 _S6People v. Hernandez (1988) 46 Cal.3d 1941 _P8Jones v. United States (1999) 526 U.S 221 _J:Ring v. Arizona (2002) 536 U.S. 5841 _R<section 11702 _s>People v. Arauz (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 6631 _P@People v. Arceo (1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 1171 PBPeople v. Jackson (1987) 196 Cal.App.3d 1 PDPeople v. Levitt (1984) 156 Cal.App.3d 51 PFRules of Court 4.421 and 4.4232 RHRule 4.4082 RJPeople v. Fernandez (1990) 226 Cal.App.31 _PLPeople v. Quinones (1988) 202 Cal.App.3d1 _PNPeople v. Young (1983) 146 Cal.App.3d 721 _P($     n #! _(4$_  _sXXGs  Ӏ  1  InordertoeffectuateMr.Cunningham'sconstitutionalrighttohave  ajurydeterminetheexistenceofaggravatingfactorsbeyondareasonable  doubt,Mr.Cunninghamhadacorollaryfederaldueprocessrighttohave ` thejuryproperlyinstructedonthisquestion.(See,e.g., Q Peoplev.Flood 8 (1998)18Cal.4th470,491492; S Peoplev.Hill(1983)141_Cal.App_.3d ` 661,669.)RPeople v. Flood (1998) 18 Cal.4th 4701 _PTPeople v. Hill (1983) 141 Cal.App.3d 6611 _P  #! _(4$_  _sXXGs  Ӏ  2  In_Blakely_,theSupremeCourtsuggestedthatalthoughthetrialcourt  cannotmakefactualfindingsregardingtheexistenceofaggravating  factorswithoutawaiverfromthedefendant,thecourtstillretains ` L discretiontoweighsuchfactorsforpurposesofdepartingfromthe  statutorymaximumafterajuryfindsthemtoexist.(_Blakely_Ԁv.  Washington,supra,2004WL1402697atp.5,n.8.)WChapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 181 _CYSullivan v. Louisiana (1993) 508 U.S. 271 _S[Rose v. Clark (1986) 478 U.S. 5701 _R]People v. Ernst (1994) 8 Cal.4th 4411 _P + #! _(4$_  _sXXGs  Ӏ  3  TheCourtinSullivannotedthecloseinterplaybetweentheFifthand  SixthAmendmentrightsatissueinthiscase:  0 ` 0 ` ` "Itisselfevident,wethink,thattheFifthAmendment 8 requirementofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtandthe ` SixthAmendmentrequirementofajuryverdictare 8 interrelated.ItwouldnotsatisfytheSixthAmendmentto   haveajurydeterminethatthedefendantisprobablyguilty,   andthenleaveituptothejudgetodetermine(as_Winship_ p  requires)whetherheisguiltybeyondareasonabledoubt.In H   otherwords,thejuryverdictrequiredbytheSixth  p  Amendmentisajuryverdictofguiltybeyondareasonable  H  doubt."(Sullivanv.Louisiana,supra,508U.S.atp.278.)`United States v. Neder (1999) 527 U.S. 11 _UbPeople v. Vera (1997) 15 Cal.4th 2691 _PdPeople v. Saunders (1993) 5 Cal.4th 5801 _PfPeople v. Holmes (1960) 54 Cal.2d 4421 _PhPeople v. Chavez (1980) 26 Cal.3d 3341 _PjCal. Civ. Code 35322 _Cl 12592 _ z #! _(4$_  _sXXGs  Ӏ  4  Ofcourse,astheCaliforniaSupremeCourtobservedin n Peoplev.  Williams(1998)17Cal.4th148,appellatecourtsretaindiscretiontoreach  issuesthathavenotbeenpreservedforreviewbyaparty.(Id.atp.161, ` n.6.)oPeople v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal.4th 1481 _PTOAs1($s2s3s5s4s4(!2J$ #! _(43  JXXXԀ  0  TUVWXYZ[ CRight ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)z[a)<=>?@ABC ?syOutlineI. A. 1. a. (1) (a) i) a)I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)|Ca)456789:; 3sy8Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)~;a),-./0123 57=CIOW_e10I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3a)$%&'()*+ 57=CIOW_e11I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)+a) !"# CyParagraph1. a. i. (1) (a) (i) 1) a)I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)#a) Cu{TechlicalTechnical Document StyleI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)a)  3sy2Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)a) GINTERROG #STwo levels for Interrogatory NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) a)6($0 7#|Y  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(6$ Table        {}A<< b Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5("$ Figure    {}A<< c(#$ _(43 dHP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL,,,,0!3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)~0 J0:i+00U #! _(43  _  sXXGs  8Gdd8    PEOPLEv.CUNNINGHAM,A103501,Div.5    SUPPLEMENTALOPENINGBRIEF ` PanelAttorney:PeterGold  8   **** ` -II.0 ` THETRIALCOURTERRONEOUSLYRELIEDONFIVEOF   SIXAGGRAVATINGFACTORSINSENTENCING_MR_.   CUNNINGHAMTOTHEUPPERTERMFORTHESECTION p  288.5CONVICTION  b.H  ` `   ` InAppellant'sOpeningBrief,Mr.Cunninghamhasexplainedthat  H  fiveofthesixaggravatingfactorswhichthetrialcourtreliedontoimpose   theuppertermof16yearsforthePenalCodesection288.5continuous X  sexualabuseconvictionwereinapplicablehere.(Appellant'sOpening X Brief("_AOB_")4453.)Ofthefiveaggravatingfactorswhichthecourt  erroneouslyfoundtoexist,twowereunsupportedbytheevidence:that h Mr.Cunninghamactedwithgreatviolence,greatbodilyharm,orahigh h degreeofcallousnessorviciousness,andthathehadengagedinviolent  conductindicatingaseriousdangertosociety.(See_AOB_Ԁ4751.) x  ` Inthisregard,"[a]trialcourtabusesitsdiscretionwhenthefactual (x findingscriticaltoitsdecisionfindnosupportintheevidence."(People ( v._Cluff_(2001)87_Cal.App_.4th991,998.)Anappellatecourtgenerally  ! reviewsfindingsoffactunderthesubstantialevidencetest.(  Peoplev. 8"# _Cromer_(2001)24Cal.4th889,894.)However,inapplyingthe #8% substantialevidencetest,areviewingcourtmustdeterminewhatburden % ' ofprooftheprosecutionhadinthesentencingcourt.UnderCalifornia H'") RulesofCourt,rule4.420(b),"[_c]ircumstances_Ԁinaggravationand (H$+ mitigationshallbeestablishedbyapreponderanceoftheevidence."(See *%- also  Peoplev.Scott(1994)9Cal.4th331,349.)Yet,recentUnited X,'/ StatesSupremeCourtauthoritymakesclearthatthepreponderanceofthe  evidencestandardnolongerappliestotheestablishmentoffactorsin ` aggravationunderCalifornia'sDeterminateSentencingLaw. `  ` In  _Blakely_Ԁv.Washington(2004)542U.S.___,2004WL1402697   (decidedJune24,2004),and  _Apprendi_Ԁv.NewJersey(2000)530U.S. p  466,theSupremeCourtdeterminedthatacriminaldefendanthasa  p  constitutionalrighttoajurytrialandtoproofbeyondareasonabledoubt   withrespecttotheexistenceofnon-recidivistaggravatingfactors.   Accordingly,thetraditionalsufficiencyoftheevidencestandardappliesto 0  nonrecidivistaggravatingfactors,requiringthereviewingcourtto 0 determine"whether,afterviewingtheevidenceinthelightmostfavorable  totheprosecution,anyrationaltrieroffactcouldhavefoundtheessential @ elementsofthe"aggravatingfactorstoexist"beyondareasonabledoubt." @ ( ! Jacksonv.Virginia(1979)443U.S.307,319(emphasisinoriginal).)  Applyingthisstandardofproof,andforthereasonsMr.Cunningham P discussedinhisopeningbrief(_AOB_Ԁ4751),theevidencewasinsufficient P toestablishthatMr.Cunninghamactedwithgreatviolence,greatbodily   harm,orahighdegreeofcallousnessorviciousness,orthathehad `!" engagedinviolentconductindicatingaseriousdangertosociety. #`$ Consequently,asexplainedinMr.Cunningham'sopeningbrief,thiscourt $ & shouldreversehissentence.(See_AOB_Ԁ5455.)  p&!( _  III.0 ` _MR_.CUNNINGHAMWASDEPRIVEDOFHISSTATEAND  FEDERALCONSTITUTIONALRIGHTSTOAJURYTRIAL  ANDDUEPROCESSWHENTHETRIALCOURTIMPOSED ` THEUPPERTERMOF16YEARSFORTHESECTION288.5 8 CONVICTIONBYRELYINGONAGGRAVATINGFACTORS ` FOUNDTRUENEITHERBYAJURYNORBEYONDA 8 REASONABLEDOUBT  . ` `     ` 2   A  .3  0 TheRelevantFacts  .p    ` Theindictmentinthiscaseallegedaviolationofcontinuoussexual  p  abuseinviolationof # PenalCodesection288.5,subdivision(a),as   follows:   0 ` 0 ` ` "OnoraboutJanuary,2000throughDecember,2000,at 0  SanPablo,inContraCostaCounty,theDefendant,JOHN X E.CUNNINGHAM,whoresidedinthesamehomewith 0 andhadrecurringaccesstoJohnDoe,whowasaminor  childundertheageof14years,fromJanuary,2000,to  December,2000,aperiodofnotlessthanthreemonthsin h duration,didunlawfullyengageinthreeandmoreactsof @ lewdandlasciviousconductwiththechild."(CT192.)h   ` ThetrialcourtinstructedthejurythatinordertoconvictMr.  Cunninghamofthisoffense,ithadtofind:"One,apersonwasaresident x inthesamehousewithaminorchild;and[]Two,thatpersonovera (x periodoftime,notlessthanthreemonthsinduration,engagedinthreeor ( moreactsoflewdorlasciviousconductwiththechildundertheageof14  ! yearsatthetimeofthecommissionofthelewdconduct."(RT638.)The 8"# juryconvictedMr.Cunninghamascharged,statinginitsverdictform #8% thatitfoundMr.Cunninghamguiltyof"aviolationofPCSec.288.5, % ' (continuoussexualabuse),assetforthintheindictment."(CT460.) H'") Otherthanwhatwasstatedonitsverdictform,thejurymadenoother (H$+  factualfindingsregardingMr.Cunninghamorhisguilt. *%-  ` AsMr.Cunninghamexplainedinhisopeningbrief,priorto   sentencing,thetrialcourtappointedDr.Richard_Lundeen_Ԁpursuantto ` PenalCode % section288.1toexamineMr.Cunninghamandsubmita ` writtenreportandrecommendation.(CT466;see_AOB_Ԁat3538.)Dr.   _Lundeen_ԀconcludedthattherewouldbenodangertoJohnDoeorothersif p  Mr.Cunninghamwerereleased.(CT470.)Hefurtherconcludedthat  p  "eitherMr.Cunninghamdidnotengageininappropriatesexualbehavior   ascharged,orelsehehasrepressedthosebehaviorstoadepthwherehe   cannotdealwiththemataconsciouslevelatthistime.Ineithercase,he 0  wouldbeapoorcandidateforrehabilitativetherapyifhedoesnothavea 0 conditionfromwhichheistryingtorehabilitate."(CT554.)   ` Inaddition,thedefensehiredDr.JohnE._Kincaid_,apsychologist, @ tointerviewMr.Cunninghamandadministerpsychologicaltests.(CT @ 506.)Dr._Kincaid_ԀsubmittedareportconcludingthatMr.Cunningham  wouldbenefitfrom,andbeamenabletotreatment,whichwouldbe P unavailabletohiminprison.(CT515516.)Hefurtherconcludedthat P Mr.CunninghamwouldbeunlikelytoposearisktoJohnDoeifgranted   probation.(CT515.)BasedonDr._Kincaid_'sreport,defensecounsel `!" filedaSentencingMemorandumrequestingprobationforMr. #`$ Cunningham.(CT473481.)Thedefensealsosubmittednumerous $ & letterstothecourtattestingtoMr.Cunningham'sgoodcharacter,good p&!( works,andtiesinthecommunity.(CT517543.)  (p#*  ` TheprosecutorfiledaSentencingBriefaskingthatMr. ) %, Cunninghambesentencedtothemaximumtermallowedbylaw.(CT +&. 468471.)Asaggravatingfactors,theprosecutorcitedthreatsofgreat  bodilyharm,ahighdegreeofviciousnessorcallousness,aparticularly ` vulnerablevictimbecauseofhisageandrelationshiptoMr.Cunningham, ` Mr.Cunningham'suseofhispositionasparenttocommitthecrimes,the   violentconduct,andMr.Cunningham'sstatusasapoliceofficer.(CT p  469470.)TheprosecutordismissedtheconclusionsofDr._Lundeen_Ԁout  p  ofhand.(CT470.)    ` Finally,theprobationofficerbelievedthatMr.Cunninghamwas   notasuitablecandidateforprobation,butfailedtorecommenda 0  particularsentence.(CT556.)TheprobationofficercitedMr. 0 Cunningham'slackofapriorrecordasamitigatingfactor.(CT557.)  Asaggravatingfactors,shecited"greatsexualviolenceandcallousness @ towardan[sic]tenyearoldchild,"avulnerablevictimwhoreliedonhis @ fatherforsupport,Mr.Cunningham'stakingadvantageofapositionof  parentaltrust,andthatMr.Cunningham"engagedinviolentconduct P whichindicatesaseriousdangertochildreninsociety."(CT557.) P  ` Atthesentencinghearing,fourpeoplespoketoMr.Cunningham's   goodcharacterandregardinthecommunity,andtwentymorepeople `!" werepresentandwillingtospeakonhisbehalf.(RT716720.)Defense #`$ counselarguedthatMr.Cunningham'samenabilitytotreatmentand $ & supportfromhisfamilyandcommunitymadehimanexcellentprospect p&!( forrehabilitation.(RT722.)HealsonotedthatJohnDoedidnotwant  (p#* Mr.Cunninghamtobeimprisoned.(RT726.)Further,counselobjected ) %, tothefindingoffactorsinaggravation,includingusingJohnDoe's +&. vulnerabilityandMr.Cunningham'spositionoftrustashisparentas  aggravatingfactors(assoughtbytheprosecution),sincethosewere ` elementsofthesection288.5conviction.(RT722.) `  ` ThetrialcourtfirstdeniedMr.Cunninghamprobation.(RT728.)   Thecourtthensentencedhimtotheuppertermof16yearsinstateprison p  forthecontinuoussexualabuseconviction.(CT544,587.)Indoingso,  p  thecourtfoundtheexistenceofsixaggravatingfactors:(1)great   violence,greatbodilyharm,andthreatthereofdisclosingahighdegreeof   viciousnessandcallousness,(2)avulnerablevictimduetohisageand 0  dependenceonMr.Cunninghamashisfatherandprimarycaretaker,(3)a 0 threatofbodilyinjurytocoercethevictimtorecant,(4)Mr.  Cunningham'stakingadvantageofapositionoftrustorconfidenceas @ JohnDoe'sfatherand_caregiver_,(5)Mr.Cunningham'sengagingin @ violentconductwhichindicatesaseriousdangertosociety,and(6)Mr.  Cunningham'semploymentasapoliceofficer.(RT728729.)Thecourt P foundonemitigatingfactor:Mr.Cunningham'slackofanypriorrecord. P (RT728.)    ` Asdiscussedmorefullybelow,Mr.Cunninghamwasdeprivedof `!" hisstateandfederalconstitutionalrightstoajurytrialanddueprocess #`$ becausethetrialcourtimposedtheuppertermof16yearsbyrelyingon $ & aggravatingfactorsfoundtrueneitherbyajurynorbeyondareasonable p&!( doubt.Accordingly,Mr.Cunningham'ssentencemustbereversed.  (p#*    ` 2   B  .3  0 Mr.CunninghamWasDeprivedOfHisConstitutionalRight ) %, ToHaveAJuryDetermineTheTruthOfAggravating *%- FactorsBeyondAReasonableDoubt w7.+&.   ` The ' FifthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionprovides  thatnopersonshall"bedeprivedoflife,liberty,orpropertywithoutdue ` processoflaw...."Similarly,the ) FourteenthAmendmentprohibits ` anystatefromdeprivingapersonoflibertywithout"dueprocessoflaw."   Inaddition,the + SixthAmendmentprovidesthat"[_i]n_Ԁallcriminal p  prosecutions,theaccusedshallenjoytherighttoaspeedyandpublictrial,  p  byanimpartialjury."    ` Takentogether,theseamendments"requirecriminalconvictionsto   restuponajurydeterminationthatthedefendantisguiltyofevery 0  elementofthecrimewithwhichheischarged,beyondareasonable 0 doubt."( - UnitedStatesv._Gaudin_(1995)515U.S.506,509510;seealso   / _Mullaney_Ԁv.Wilbur(1975)421U.S.684,698; 1 Inre_Winship_(1970)397 @ U.S.358,363364.)Whereproofofaparticularfactexposesthe @ defendanttogreaterpunishmentthanthatavailableintheabsenceofsuch  proof,thatfactisanelementofthecrimewhichtheFifthandSixth P Amendmentsrequiretobeproventoajurybeyondareasonabledoubt. P (_Apprendi_Ԁv.NewJersey,supra,530U.S.atp.490;_Mullaney_Ԁv.Wilbur,   supra,421U.S.atp.698; 3 _Specht_Ԁv.Patterson(1967)386U.S.605,607; `!"  5 Peoplev.Hernandez(1988)46Cal.3d194,205.)Indeed,"[_o]ther_Ԁthan #`$ thefactofapriorconviction,anyfactthatincreasesthepenaltyfora $ & crimebeyondtheprescribedstatutorymaximummustbesubmittedtoa p&!( jury,andprovedbeyondareasonabledoubt."(_Apprendi_Ԁv.NewJersey,  (p#*  supra,530U.S.atp.490.) ) %,  ` In_Apprendi_,defendanthadbeenconvictedofpossessionofa   firearmforanunlawfulpurpose,a"seconddegree"offensepunishableby ` imprisonmentforbetweenfiveandtenyears.However,pursuanttoNew ` Jersey'shatecrimestatute,thetrialcourtatsentencingfoundbya   preponderanceoftheevidencethatdefendanthadcommittedthecrime p  withapurposetointimidateindividualsbecauseofrace.Underthehate  p  crimestatute,thisfindingincreaseddefendant'ssentencetoimprisonment   forbetweentenandtwentyyears.TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtheld   thatalthoughtheNewJerseySupremeCourtcharacterizedthehatecrime 0  enhancementasa"sentencingfactor,"itwasactuallyanelementofthe 0 offensewhichshouldhavebeendecidedbythejury.(530U.S.atp.  492.)Theincreaseintheprescribedstatutorymaximumpenaltytowhich @ defendantwasexposedviolatedhisFifthandSixthAmendmentrights @ becausethefactualdeterminationwhichservedtoelevatehismaximum  statutoryexposurehadnotbeensubmittedtoajuryandprovedbeyonda P reasonabledoubt.(Id.atp.490492.)Indeed,theSupremeCourt P concludedthatallfacts(otherthanthefactofapriorconviction)which   increasethepenaltybeyondtheprescribedstatutorymaximummustbe `!" foundbyajurytoexistbeyondareasonabledoubt: #`$ 0 ` 0 ` ` "[_I]t_Ԁisunconstitutionalforalegislaturetoremovefromthe $ & jurytheassessmentoffactsthatincreasetheprescribed % ' rangeofpenaltiestowhichacriminaldefendantisexposed. p&!( Itisequallyclearthatsuchfactsmustbeestablishedby H'") proofbeyondareasonabledoubt.'"(Id.atp.490,quoting  (p#*  7 Jonesv.UnitedStates(1999)526_U.S_Ԁ227,252-253.)(H$+   ` Thereafter,in 9 Ringv.Arizona(2002)536U.S.584,theSupreme *%- Courtappliedtheholdingof_Apprendi_toArizona'sdeathpenaltylaw. X,'/ UnderArizonalaw,themaximumpunishmentforfirstdegreemurder  waslifeimprisonmentunlessthetrialcourtfoundbeyondareasonable ` doubtthatoneoftenstatutorilyenumeratedaggravatingfactorsexisted. ` TheCourtheldthatdefendant'sdeathsentenceunderthislawviolatedhis   righttoajurydeterminationofguiltoneveryelementofthecrime p  charged.(Id.atp.589.)Thus,inlinewith_Apprendi_,theCourtfound  p  thattheSixthAmendmentmandatesthattheexistenceofanaggravating   factornecessaryfortheimpositionofthedeathpenaltymustbefoundby   ajuryratherthanasentencingjudge.(Id.atp.609.) 0   ` Mostrecently,theCourtdecided_Blakely_Ԁv.Washington,supra.In 0 _Blakely_,defendantpleadedguiltytokidnapinghisestrangedwifewhile  usingafirearm.UnderWashingtonlaw,thefactsdefendantadmitted @ supportedaprisonsentenceinthe"standardrange"of49to53months. @ However,Washingtonlawalsopermittedthetrialcourttoimposea  sentenceabovethestandardrangeifitfoundtheexistenceofan P aggravatingfactordemonstrating"substantialandcompellingreasons P justifyinganexceptionalsentence."(2004WL1402697atp.2.)   Pursuanttothislatterprovision,thetrialjudgeimposedanexceptional `!" sentenceof90monthsbasedonafindingthatdefendanthadactedwith #`$ "deliberatecruelty"incommittingthekidnapingoffense.(Id.atp.34.) $ &  ` Onceagainapplyingtheholdingof_Apprendi_,theSupremeCourt p&!( reverseddefendant'ssentence.TheCourtfirstnoted:  (p#* 0 ` 0 ` ` "[_T]he_Ԁstatutorymaximum'for_Apprendi_purposesisthe ) %, maximumsentenceajudgemayimposesolelyonthebasis *%- ofthefactsreflectedinthejuryverdictoradmittedbythe +&. defendant.Inotherwords,therelevantstatutory X,'/ maximum'isnotthemaximumsentenceajudgemayimpose  afterfindingadditionalfacts,butthemaximumhemay  imposewithoutanyadditionalfacts."(Id.atp.4,emphasis ` inoriginal.)8  Applyingthisreasoning,theCourtfoundthatthestatutorymaximum 8 sentencebasedsolelyonthefactsdefendantadmittedinhisguiltyplea   wasthestandardrangeof49to53months;thetrialjudgewasprohibited H   fromimposingtheexceptional90monthsentenceonthosefactsalone.  H  (Id.atp.5.)Consequently,thejudge'simpositionofanadditionalthree   yearsbeyondthestatutorymaximumwasbasedonafactualfindingto X  whichdefendantneverconfessedandwhichnojuryhadeverfoundtrue X beyondareasonabledoubt.(Ibid.)Theimpositionofthe90month  exceptionalsentencethereforeviolateddefendant'sSixthAmendment h righttotrialbyjury.(Id.atp.56.) h  ` California'sDeterminateSentencingLawemploysasystemof  sentencingchoicesmuchlikeWashington'ssentencingschemeatissuein x _Blakely_.UnderPenalCode ; section1170,subdivision(b),"[_w]hen_Ԁa (x judgmentofimprisonmentistobeimposedandthestatutespecifiesthree ( possibleterms,thecourtshallorderimpositionofthemiddleterm,unless  ! therearecircumstancesinaggravationormitigationofthecrime." 8"# (Emphasissupplied;seealsoCal.RulesofCourt,rule4.420(a)["The #8% middletermshallbeselectedunlessimpositionoftheupperorlowerterm % ' isjustifiedbycircumstancesinaggravationormitigation."].)Thus, H'") undertheDeterminateSentencingLaw,themiddletermisthe (H$+ presumptivesentence(see,e.g., = Peoplev._Arauz_(1992)5_Cal.App_.4th *%- 663,666(maj._opn_.)and674(conc.&dis._opn_.of_Yegan_,J.)),orasin X,'/ _Blakely,the"statutorymaximum"allowablefortheparticularoffense.In  fact,atrialcourtneednotevenstatereasonsforimposingthemiddle ` term.( ? Peoplev.Arceo(1979)95Cal.App.3d117,121.) `  ` Furthermore,asinBlakely,theuppertermmayonlybeimposed   where"exceptional"circumstancesintheformofaggravatingfactors p  existjustifyingadeparturefromthemiddleterm.(See,e.g., A Peoplev.  p  Jackson(1987)196Cal.App.3d380,390391;Cal.RulesofCourt,rule   4.420(b)["Selectionoftheuppertermisjustifiedonlyif,aftera   considerationofalltherelevantfacts,thecircumstancesinaggravation 0  outweighthecircumstancesinmitigation."].)Yet,therulesofcourt 0 requireonlythatthetrialcourtfindcircumstancesinaggravationbya  preponderanceoftheevidence.(Cal.RulesofCourt,rule4.420(b);see @ also C Peoplev.Levitt(1984)156Cal.App.3d500,515.) @  `  E CaliforniaRulesofCourt,rule4.421setsforthanonexhaustive  listofcircumstanceswhichmayconstituteaggravatingfactors.In P addition, G rule4.408(a)providesthatforpurposesofmakingdiscretionary P sentencingdecisions,thesentencingcourtmayconsider"additional   criteriareasonablyrelatedtothedecisionbeingmade."(Cf.Blakelyv. `!" Washington,supra,2004WL1402697atp.2[Washingtonlawproviding #`$ "illustrative"listofaggravatingfactorswhichjustifyimpositionof $ & exceptionalsentence].)However,therulesofcourtmakeclearthatin p&!( findingtheexistenceofanaggravatingfactor,thecourtmaynotrelyona  (p#* factorwhichisanelementofthecrime.(Cal.RulesofCourt,rule ) %, 4.420(d)["Afactthatisanelementofthecrimeshallnotbeused_to +&. imposetheupperterm."];seealso I Peoplev.Fernandez(1990)226  _Cal.App_.3d669,680[trialcourterroneouslyreliedonvulnerabilitybased ` onyoungageofvictimasaggravatingfactorinsentencingresidentchild ` molesterbecauseagerangewasspecifiedinunderlyingoffense]; K People   v._Quinones_(1988)202_Cal.App_.3d1154,11591160[trialcourt p  improperlyaggravatedsentencebasedonageofmolestvictimsinceage  p  wasanelementofunderlyingoffense];cf. M Peoplev.Young(1983)146   _Cal.App_.3d729,733734[findingprohibiteddualuseoffactsinusing   firingofgunandthreatofinjuryfromgunasaggravatingfactorswhere 0  gunusewasbasisofsentenceenhancement].)Similarly,evenwherean 0 aggravatingfactortechnicallyisnotanelementoftheunderlyingcrime,  thecourtmaynotrelyonitwherethefactorisinherentinthecrime. @ (See,e.g.,Peoplev.Young,supra,146_Cal.App_.3datp.734[trialcourt @ improperlyreliedon"extremeseriousnatureoftheoffense"toaggravate  defendant'ssentenceforassaultwithadeadlyweaponsinceassaultwitha P deadlyweaponis"_obvious[ly_]"anextremelyseriousoffense].) P Consequently,underCalifornia'sDeterminateSentencingLaw,whena   sentencingcourtfindstheexistenceoffactorsinaggravation,it `!" necessarilyfindstheexistenceoffactsbeyondwhichthejuryfoundto #`$ existinarrivingatitsverdict. $ &  ` PenalCodesection288.5providesthatoneconvictedofcontinuous p&!( sexualabuseofachild"shallbepunishedbyimprisonmentinthestate  (p#* prisonforatermof6,12,or16years."(Pen.Code288.5,_subd_.(a).) ) %, As_Apprendi_and_Blakely_makeclear,themiddletermof12yearsisthe +&. "statutorymaximum"sentencethatajudgemayimposeforasection  288.5conviction"solelyonthebasisofthefactsreflectedinthejury ` verdictoradmittedbythedefendant."(_Blakely_Ԁv.Washington,supra, ` 2004WL1402697atp.4.)Withouttheexistenceofadditional   aggravatingfactors,adeparturefromthemiddletermsentenceof12 p  yearstotheuppertermof16yearsisunauthorized.(Pen.Code1170,  p  _subd_.(b);Cal.RulesofCourt,rule4.420(a).)However,as_Apprendi_and   _Blakely_alsomakeclear,beforeanysuchaggravatingfactorscanbeused   toimposetheupperterm,ajurymustfindthemtoexistbeyonda 0  reasonabledoubt._P O  1      _ԀHere,thetrialcourtusurpedthejury'sfactfinding 0 functionwhenitfoundtheexistenceofsixaggravatingfactorsforthe  purposeofimposingtheuppertermof16years.Moreover,byoperation @ ofrule4.420(b),thecourtbaseditsfindingsonapreponderanceofthe @ evidencestandard.Consequently,thetrialcourt'simpositionoftheupper  termbasedontheaggravatingfactorsitfoundtoexistviolatedMr. P Cunningham'sSixthAmendmentrighttoajurytrialonthetruthofthose P aggravatingfactorsandhisFifthandFourteenthAmendmentrightstodue   processrequiringthattheybefoundtruebeyondareasonabledoubt._U O  2      _ `!"    ` 2   C  .3  0 TheConstitutionalViolationsRequireReversalOfMr.  Cunningham'sSentence. (^|   ` Generally,theviolationofacriminaldefendant'sconstitutional 8 rightswarrantsreversalunlesstheerrorisdeemedharmlessbeyonda 8 reasonabledoubt.(See V Chapmanv.California(1967)386U.S.18,24.)   However,certainviolationsrepresent"structuraldefectsinthe H   constitutionofthetrialmechanism,whichdefyanalysisby"harmless  H  error"standards,'"andthereforerequirereversalperse.(_Brecht_Ԁv.   _Abrahamson_(1993)507U.S.619,629,quotingArizonav._Fulminante_ X  (1991)499U.S.279,307309.) X  ` Thedenialofajurytrialisjustsuchastructuraldefect.(See,e.g.,   X Sullivanv.Louisiana(1993)508U.S.275,281282; Z Rosev.Clark h (1986)478U.S.570,578; \ Peoplev.Ernst(1994)8Cal.4th441,449.) h AstheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtstatedinRose,becauseoftheSixth  Amendment'sclearcommandtoaffordjurytrialsinseriouscriminal x cases,wherethatrightisaltogetherdenied,theerrorcannotbedeemed (x harmless.(Rosev.Clark,supra,478U.S.atp.578["theerrorinsucha ( caseisthatthewrongentityjudgedthedefendantguilty."].)  !  ` Significantly,theUnitedStatesSupremeCourthasalsofoundan 8"# errortobestructural,andthereforesubjecttoautomaticreversal,where #8% thetrialcourtpermittedthejurytoconvictthedefendantbasedona % ' standardlessthanproofbeyondareasonabledoubt.(Sullivanv. H'") Louisiana,supra,508U.S.atp.281282.)_^ O  3      _ԀByfindingtheexistenceof  aggravatingfactorsbasedonapreponderanceoftheevidence,andnot ` beyondareasonabledoubt,thetrialcourtheresubjectedMr. ` Cunninghamtoincreasedpunishmentonanunconstitutionallylow   standardofproof,requiringreversalperse. p   ` Giventhenatureoftheconstitutionalviolationsatissuehere,itis  p  impossibletoassesswithanyprecisiontheharmcausedduetothelackof   ajurytrialontheaggravatingfactorsorthefailuretorequirethatthose   factorsbefoundtoexistbeyondareasonabledoubt.Theconstitutional 0  violationsinthiscasemustthereforebedeemed"structuraldefects"under 0 the_Brecht_taxonomy.Noappellatecourtcanorshouldspeculateasto  howtheresolutionofMr.Cunningham'ssentencingwouldhavediffered @ hadajurybeenrequiredtofindtheexistenceofaggravatingfactors @ beyondareasonabledoubt.Indeed,itisundoubtedlyfortheseprecise  reasonsthattheCourtin_Blakely_and_Apprendi_reversedthedefendants' P sentenceswithoutrequiringashowingofprejudice.(_Blakely_Ԁv. P Washington,supra,2004WL1402697atp.10;_Apprendi_Ԁv.NewJersey,   supra,530U.S.atp.497.)Consequently,reversalofMr.Cunningham's  sentenceisrequired. `  ` Moreover,evenapplyingtheharmlesserrorstandardenunciatedin ` Chapmanv.California(1967)386U.S.18,24,respondentisunableto   provetheconstitutionalviolationsharmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt. p  (See,e.g., _ UnitedStatesv._Neder_(1999)527U.S.1,18[applying  p  Chapmanstandardtotrialcourt'sfailuretoinstructjuryonanelementof   offense];Peoplev.Flood,supra,18Cal.4thatp.504505[same].)In   _Neder_,theUnitedStatesSupremeCourtheldthatinevaluatingwhether 0  thefailuretosubmitanelementofanoffensetothejuryisharmless,a 0 reviewingcourtmustconductathoroughevaluationoftheevidence,and  0 ` 0 ` ` "[_i]f_,attheendofthatexamination,thecourtcannot @ concludebeyondareasonabledoubtthatthejuryverdict h wouldhavebeenthesameabsenttheerror--forexample, @ wherethedefendantcontestedtheomittedelementand  raisedevidencesufficienttosupportacontraryfinding--it  shouldnotfindtheerrorharmless."(Id.atp.19.)x  Atthesentencinghearinginthiscase,defensecounselnotonlyobjected (x to,andcontestedthefactorsinaggravation,butheintroducedevidence ( supportingafindingthatprobationwastheappropriatesentenceforMr.  ! Cunningham.Pursuantto_Neder_,reversalisthereforerequired. 8"#  ` Further,asMr.Cunninghamhasexplainedinhisopeningbrief, #8% fiveofthesixaggravatingfactorswhichthetrialcourtfoundtoexistwere % ' inapplicablehere(see_AOB_Ԁ4453),andasrepeatedlynotedabove,the H'") courtbaseditsfindingsrelatingtotheaggravatingfactorsona (H$+ preponderanceoftheevidencestandard.Underthesecircumstances, *%- thereisnoreasontobelievethatajuryapplyingthereasonabledoubt X,'/ standardwouldfindany,letaloneall,oftheseaggravatingfactorsto  exist.Accordingly,thiscourtmustreverseMr.Cunningham'ssentence. `    ` 2   D  .3  0 Mr.CunninghamIsNotPrecludedFromContestingOn ` AppealTheConstitutionalViolationsRelatingToHis 8 Sentencing *.    ` Althoughdefensecounselobjectedtothecourt'sfindingofthe p  factorsinaggravation,hedidnotspecificallyallegeaconstitutional  p  violationofMr.Cunningham'srighttoajurytrialortodueprocess.In   lightofthisfact,respondentmayattempttoavoidthemeritsoftheissue   Mr.Cunninghamhasraisedbyclaimingthatanyconstitutionalviolation 0  waswaivedduetodefensecounsel'sfailuretoobjecttotheaggravating 0 factorsonthegroundsraisedherein.However,anysuchclaimofwaiver  wouldlackmerit. @  ` First,theCaliforniaSupremeCourthasrepeatedlyheldthat"[a] @ defendantisnotprecludedfromraisingforthefirsttimeonappeala  claimassertingthedeprivationofcertain,fundamental,constitutional P rights."( a Peoplev.Vera(1997)15Cal.4th269,276277.)Such P fundamentalconstitutionalrightsincludetherighttotrialbyjury.(See,   e.g., c Peoplev.Saunders(1993)5Cal.4th580,589,n.5; e Peoplev. `!" Holmes(1960)54Cal.2d442,443444.)SinceMr.Cunninghamis #`$ claimingonappealthathewasdeniedhisfundamentalconstitutionalright $ & toajurytrialanddueprocessrighttoproofbeyondareasonabledoubt, p&!( thisissueisnotwaived.  (p#*  ` Second,itiswellestablishedthatwhereanobjectionwouldhave ) %, beenfutile,anattorneyisnotrequiredtomakeit.( g Peoplev.Chavez +&. (1980)26Cal.3d334,350,n.5;accord i Cal.Civ.Code3532["Thelaw  neitherdoesnorrequiresidleacts."].)Becausesentencinginthiscase ` occurredpriortotheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt'sdecisionin_Blakely_, ` itwouldhavebeenfutilefordefensecounseltohavedemandedajury   trialorapplicationoftheproofbeyondareasonablestandardonthe p  existenceofaggravatingfactors;asexplainedabove,California's  p  statutoryandcaselawexplicitlyprescribedjudicial_factfinding_Ԁon   aggravatingfactorsunderapreponderanceoftheevidencestandard.   (See,e.g.,Peoplev.Jackson,supra,196_Cal.App_.3datp.390391; 0  Peoplev.Levitt,supra,156_Cal.App_.3datp.515;Pen.Code1170, 0 _subd_.(d);Cal.RulesofCourt,rules4.420(a)and(b),and4.421.)  Similarly,theCaliforniaSupremeCourthaspermittedthereviewof @ claimsnotraisedduringtrialwheretherehavebeensignificant @ superveningchangesinthelaw.(See,e.g.,Peoplev.Turner(1990)50  Cal.3d668,703[allowingclaimsforfirsttimeonappealwhere"pertinent P lawlaterchangedsounforeseeablythatitisunreasonabletoexpecttrial P counseltohaveanticipatedthechange."].)Thus,giventhesignificant   change_Blakely_hasmadeinthelaw,Mr.Cunningham'sclaimis `!" _reviewable_Ԁonappeal. #`$  ` Finally,asnotedabove,inordertoeffectuateMr.Cunningham's $ & constitutionalrighttohaveajurydeterminetheexistenceofaggravating p&!( factorsbeyondareasonabledoubt,Mr.Cunninghamhadacorollary  (p#* federaldueprocessrighttohavethejuryproperlyinstructedonthe ) %, existenceofsuchfactors.(See,e.g.,Peoplev.Flood,supra,18Cal.4th +&. atp.491492;Peoplev.Hill,supra,141_Cal.App_.3datp.669.)Tothe  extentthetrialcourtviolatedMr.Cunningham'sconstitutionalrightto ` dueprocessbecauseitfailedtoinstructthejuryonaggravatingfactors, ` appellatereviewoftheerrorisappropriatebecausetheerroraffectedMr.   Cunningham's"substantialrights."(Pen.Code k 1259["Theappellate p  courtmay...reviewanyinstruction...eventhoughnoobjectionwas  p  madetheretointhelowercourt,ifthesubstantialrightsofthedefendant   wereaffectedthereby."].)Thus,Mr.Cunninghamisnotprecludedfrom   raisingthisissueonappeal.m O  4       0  @**4  CONCLUSION X4ӈ   ` Fortheforegoingreasons,andthosecontainedinhisopening ` brief,Mr.Cunninghamrespectfullyrequeststhiscourttoreversehis ` conviction,orinthealternative,toreversehissentence.   DATED:"US ,  XJuly9,2004!   h   Respectfullysubmitted,  p   `     h   By  _________________________    `     h     PeterGold X   `     h     AttorneyforAppellant 0   `     h     JohnE.Cunningham  X @ -  CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLIANCE X ӈ   ` PursuanttoCaliforniaRulesofCourt,rule33(b)(1),Icertifythat ` thissupplementalopeningbriefcontains4,777words. `  `     h   򀀀 p   `     h   PeterGold  H   @1TABLEOFCONTENTS  TABLEOFAUTHORITIESX X \ .(TOAii  Ո 8 pX  8 `  II.0` ` x` xTHETRIALCOURTERRONEOUSLYRELIEDONFIVE 8 OFSIXAGGRAVATINGFACTORSINSENTENCING   _MR_.CUNNINGHAMTOTHEUPPERTERMFORTHE   SECTION288.5CONVICTION#[ .2` x` x#1 p  8 `  III.0` ` x` x_MR_.CUNNINGHAMWASDEPRIVEDOFHISSTATE  p  ANDFEDERALCONSTITUTIONALRIGHTSTOA  H  JURYTRIALANDDUEPROCESSWHENTHETRIAL   COURTIMPOSEDTHEUPPERTERMOF16YEARS   FORTHESECTION288.5CONVICTIONBYRELYING   ONAGGRAVATINGFACTORSFOUNDTRUE X  NEITHERBYAJURYNORBEYONDAREASONABLE 0  DOUBT#[ .L L ` x` x#4 X 8 `   ` A.0 ` x` xTheRelevantFacts#[ .\\3 x x#4  8 `   ` B.0 ` x` xMr.CunninghamWasDeprivedOfHis h ConstitutionalRightToHaveAJuryDetermineThe @ TruthOfAggravatingFactorsBeyondAReasonable h Doubt#[ . & x x#8 @ 8 `   ` C.0 ` x` xTheConstitutionalViolationsRequireReversalOf  Mr.Cunningham'sSentence.#[ .; x x#16 x 8 `   ` D.0 ` x` xMr.CunninghamIsNotPrecludedFromContesting (x OnAppealTheConstitutionalViolationsRelatingTo P HisSentencing#[ ./ x x#20 ( 8 `  CONCLUSION#[ . ` x` x#24  ! 8 `  CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLIANCE#[ .-` x` x#25 8"#  س  $ &  q @/TABLEOFAUTHORITIES  CASES ` rX  _Apprendi_Ԁv.NewJersey(2000)530U.S.466d d ] .>2 ` _Blakely_Ԁv.Washington(2004)542U.S.___,2004WL1402697    ` (decidedJune24,2004)d d ] .12   Chapmanv.California(1967)386U.S.18\ .<17 H   Inre_Winship_Ԁ(1970)397U.S.358d d ] .4459  H  Jacksonv.Virginia(1979)443U.S.307d d ] .,,;2   Jonesv.UnitedStates(1999)526_U.S_Ԁ227\ .=10 X  _Mullaney_Ԁv.Wilbur(1975)421U.S.684d d ] .TT:9 X Peoplev._Arauz_Ԁ(1992)5_Cal.App_.4th663\ .<13  Peoplev._Arceo_Ԁ(1979)95_Cal.App_.3d117\ .  <13 h Peoplev.Chavez(1980)26Cal.3d334\ .921 h Peoplev._Cromer_Ԁ(2001)24Cal.4th889d d ] .:1  Peoplev.Ernst(1994)8Cal.4th441\ .817 x Peoplev.Fernandez(1990)226_Cal.App_.3d669\ .A14 (x Peoplev.Flood(1998)18Cal.4th470\ .tt916 ( Peoplev.Hernandez(1988)46Cal.3d194d d ] .<9  ! Peoplev.Hill(1983)141_Cal.App_.3d661\ .<16 8"# Peoplev.Holmes(1960)54Cal.2d442\ .921 #8% Peoplev.Jackson(1987)196_Cal.App_.3d380\ .  ?13 % ' Peoplev.Levitt(1984)156_Cal.App_.3d500\ .hh>13 H'") Peoplev._Quinones_Ԁ(1988)202_Cal.App_.3d1154\ .A14 (H$+ Peoplev.Saunders(1993)5Cal.4th580\ .$$;21 *%- Peoplev.Scott(1994)9Cal.4th331d d ] .82 X,'/ ЇPeoplev.Vera(1997)15Cal.4th269\ .  821  Peoplev.Williams(1998)17Cal.4th148\ .<23 ` Peoplev.Young(1983)146_Cal.App_.3d729\ .=14 ` Ringv.Arizona(2002)536U.S.584\ .  710   Rosev.Clark(1986)478U.S.570\ .DD517 p  _Specht_Ԁv.Patterson(1967)386U.S.605d d ] .  ;9  p  Sullivanv.Louisiana(1993)508U.S.275\ .=17   UnitedStatesv._Gaudin_Ԁ(1995)515U.S.506d d ] .?9   UnitedStatesv._Neder_Ԁ(1999)527U.S.1\ .||<19 0      STATUTES  CALIFORNIACIVILCODE ` tX   ` Section3532\ . &21 ` PENALCODE    ` Section288.1d d ] .'5 p   ` Section288.5d d ] .'4  p   ` Section1170\ . &12    ` Section1259\ . &23    CALIFORNIARULESOFCOURT X uX   ` Rule4.408\ .0 0 $14    ` Rule4.420d d ] .0 0 $1 h  ` Rule4.421\ .0 0 $13 h  ` Rule4.423\ .0 0 $13  UNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION P vX ` FifthAmendmentd d ] .xx)8 P  ` SixthAmendmentd d ] .)8   wX   ` FourteenthAmendmentd d ] ..8 `!"  /xX