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DONNALYNMURPHY @..s 2600VanNessAvenue,Apartment604@..SanFrancisco,California94109@..r(415)7490160XXXO<6X9`("Courier 10cpiO"US ,  m !  x22PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paper       r Y(      X 6UN'*d66UN'*d6..H1..H2..H3..H4..H5..H6..H7..H8..H9..10..11..12..13..14..15..16..17..18..19..20..21..22..23..24..25..26..27..28   jD4Tech InitInitialize Technical Style(  ( CuyTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1fE2Doc InitInitialize Document Style(  !"#$  (($0 ($0 0 (($0 0 0  !"#$ A_ekqwDocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)$a)R& 8BibliogrphyBibliography0....28 U.S.C. section 1257(a)2 2Sixth Amendment5 SFourteenth Amendment5 Fsection 288.52 ssection 11702 sSection 1203.032 S($      T!       (4$/ /  XX7"7"7"7"7"  Ӏ  1  Citationsto"CT"denotetheClerk'sTranscriptfiledinthe  CaliforniaCourtofAppeal,followedbythepagereference.Citationsto  theReporter'sTranscriptonAppealaredenoted"RT."Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 1251 B  T!       (4$/ /  XX7"  7"7"7"7"Ԁ  2  TheCourtofAppeal'sordererroneouslystatesthatitdenied  Respondent'spetitionforrehearing;Mr.Cunningham,theappellant,was  theonlypartytohavefiledapetitionforrehearing.People v. Black, 35 Cal.4th 1238 (Cal. 21 PApprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (201 AUnited States v. Booker, ___ U.S. ___, 11 U United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506 (11 U Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975)1 M In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)1 ISpecht v. Patterson, 386 U.S. 605 (1967)1 SRing v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002)1 Rrule 4.4202 rPeople v. Arauz, 5 Cal.App.4th 663 (Cal.1 PPeople v. Arceo, 95 Cal.App.3d 117 (Cal.1 PPeople v. Jackson, 196 Cal.App.3d 380 (C1 PPeople v. Levitt, 156 Cal.App.3d 500 (Ca1 PRules of Court 4.421 and 4.4232 RRule 4.4082 R!People v. Fernandez, 226 Cal.App.3d 669 1 P#People v. Young, 146 Cal.App.3d 729 (Cal1 P  %$       (4$/ /K#XXXԀ  3    ݀AccordingtotheCourtofAppeal,UnitedStatesv.Booker,  supra,125S.Ct.738, x 0  0` (#(#"clarifiesthatBlakely'sSixthAmendmentconcernsare X inapplicabletostatutoryprovisionsthatmerely   permit,butdonotcompel,theimpositionofa  particularsentenceuponaparticularfindingoffact. `  InCalifornia,PenalCodesection1170permits,but ( x doesnotcompel,theimpositionofanuppertermupon  @ thefindingofoneormoreaggravatingfactors."    Opinionat17,n.14(emphasisinoriginal).( !2$ T!       (43X/ /  K#XXXԀ  0   ( %$       (4$/ /K#XXXԀ  4    ݀JusticeKennardconcludedthatpursuanttothisCourt's  precedents, x 0  0` (#(#"underCalifornia'ssentencingschemeatrialcourtmay X useanaggravatingfacttojustifyanuppertermonly   if:(1)ajuryhasmadeafindingontheaggravating  fact,(2)thedefendanthasadmittedtheaggravating `  fact,(3)thedefendanthasvalidlywaivedtherightto ( x ajurytrialontheaggravatingfact,or(4)the  @ aggravatingfactrelatestothedefendant'scriminal    recordratherthantothecircumstancesofthe    convictionoffense.Absentoneofthesesituations, H   thetrialcourtmaynotimposeanuppertermsentence." `  Peoplev.Black,supra,35Cal.4thatp.1265(conc.& (  dis.opn.ofKennard,J.).(State v. Brown, 209 Ariz. 200, 99 P.3d 11 S*Lopez v. State, 113 P.3d 713 (Colo. 20051 L,Smylie v. State, 823 N.E.2d 679 (Ind. 201 S.State v. Shattuck, 689 N.W.2d 785 (Minn.1 S0State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 878 A.2d 1 S2State v. Allen, 359 N.C. 425, 615 S.E.2d1 S4State v. Dilts, 337 Or. 645, 103 P.3d 951 S6State v. Maugaotega, 107 Haw. 399, 114 P1 S8State v. Gomez, 163 S.W.3d 632 (Tenn. 201 S:Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 1 A<United States v. Neder, 527 U.S. 1 (19991 UTOA@1($@2@3@5%&'()*+, CRight ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)D,a)  3sy4Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)Fa) GINTERROG #STwo levels for Interrogatory NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)H a)KQ6($0 KN7#|`  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(6$ Table        NIOKA<< b Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5("$ Figure    QIRKA<< c($       (43X/ / dHP LaserJet 1200 Series PCL 60!3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)Xi)X4 [3:i+00U T!       (43X/ /  _  XX7"@zz1No.05  @  'INTHESUPREMECOURTOFTHE ` @/UNITEDSTATES ` @\\,OctoberTerm,2005   @__________________________________________________ӈ p  @__________________________________________________ӈ H   @nn-JOHNCUNNINGHAM,  H   `     h      p   Petitioner,   @4v. X  @ )THESTATEOFCALIFORNIA, X  `     h      p   Respondent.  @__________________________________________________ӈ h @__________________________________________________ӈ @ @5@ "PETITIONFORWRITOFCERTIORARITOTHE  @Z Z COURTOFAPPEALOFTHESTATEOFCALIFORNIA,  @ "FIRSTAPPELLATEDISTRICT,DIVISIONFIVE x @__________________________________________________ӈ P @__________________________________________________ӈ (x    `     h     PETERGOLD* 8"#  `     h     2269ChestnutStreet,#124 #`$  `     h     SanFrancisco,CA94123 #8%  `     h     (510)8726305 $ &  `     h     CounselforPetitioner % '  `     h     *CounselofRecord  H'") _ pX@"",  QUESTIONPRESENTED  Ԉ   ` WhetherCalifornia'sDeterminateSentencingLaw,bypermitting ` sentencingjudgestoimposeenhancedsentencesbasedontheir ` determinationoffactsnotfoundbythejuryoradmittedbythedefendant,   violatestheSixthandFourteenthAmendments. p     p  @zz1No.05  @  'INTHESUPREMECOURTOFTHE ` @/UNITEDSTATES ` @\\,OctoberTerm,2005   @__________________________________________________ӈ p  @__________________________________________________ӈ H   @nn-JOHNCUNNINGHAM,  H   `     h      p   Petitioner,   @4v. X  @ )THESTATEOFCALIFORNIA, X  `     h      p   Respondent.  @__________________________________________________ӈ h @__________________________________________________ӈ @ @5@ "PETITIONFORWRITOFCERTIORARITOTHE  @Z Z COURTOFAPPEALOFTHESTATEOFCALIFORNIA,  @ "FIRSTAPPELLATEDISTRICT,DIVISIONFIVE x @__________________________________________________ӈ P @__________________________________________________ӈ (x    ` PetitionerJohnCunninghamrespectfullypraysthataWritof  ! CertiorariissuetoreviewthedecisionoftheCaliforniaCourtofAppeal 8"# enteredonApril18,2005. #8%   % ' 87"7dd8@66.  OPINIONSBELOW  Ԉ   ` TheCaliforniaCourtofAppealissueditsunpublishedopinionin ` thiscaseonApril18,2005,withPresidingJusticeJonesbothconcurring ` anddissenting.AcopyofthatopinionisattachedasAppendixA.On   May4,2005,theCourtofAppealissuedaonepageorderdenyinga p  rehearingandmodifyingitsopinion.Acopyofthatorderisattachedas  p  AppendixB.TheCaliforniaSupremeCourtissuedaonepageorder   denyingdiscretionaryreviewoftheCourtofAppeal'sdecisiononJune   29,2005.AcopyofthatorderisattachedasAppendixC. 0  @/  JURISDICTION  Ԉ   ` TheCaliforniaSupremeCourtdenieddiscretionaryreviewon @ June29,2005.ThisCourthasjurisdictionpursuantto  28U.S.C.section @ 1257(a).  @II  CONSTITUTIONALANDSTATUTORYPROVISIONSINVOLVED  :Ԉ P  ` A.0 FederalConstitutionalProvisions     ` TheSixth  ԀAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionprovides `!" inrelevantpart:"Inallcriminalprosecutions,theaccusedshallenjoythe #`$ righttoaspeedyandpublictrialbyanimpartialjury...." $ &  ` The  FourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution p&!( providesinpertinentpart:"[N]orshallanystatedepriveanypersonof  (p#* life,liberty,orproperty,withoutdueprocessoflaw...." ) %,  ` B. StateStatutoryProvisions  +&.  ` CaliforniaPenalCode  section288.5,subdivision(a)providesin  relevantpart: ` 0 ` 0 ` `   "Anypersonwhoeitherresidesinthesamehome ` withtheminorchildorhasrecurringaccesstothechild, 8 whooveraperiodoftime,notlessthanthreemonthsin   duration,engagesinthreeormoreactsofsubstantialsexual   conductwithachildundertheageof14yearsatthetimeof p  thecommissionoftheoffense...orthreeormoreactsof H   lewdorlasciviousconduct...withachildundertheageof  p  14yearsatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffenseis  H  guiltyoftheoffenseofcontinuoussexualabuseofachild   andshallbepunishedbyimprisonmentinthestateprisonfor   atermof6,12,or16years."(Emphasissupplied.)    ` CaliforniaPenalCode  section1170,subdivision(b)providesin 0  relevantpart: 0 0 ` 0 ` ` "Whenajudgmentofimprisonmentistobeimposedand  thestatutespecifiesthreepossibleterms,thecourtshall h orderimpositionofthemiddleterm,unlessthereare @ circumstancesinaggravationormitigationofthecrime.... h Indeterminingwhethertherearecircumstancesthatjustify @ impositionoftheupperorlowerterm,thecourtmay  considertherecordinthecase,theprobationofficer's  report,otherreportsincludingreportsreceivedpursuantto x   Section1203.03andstatementsinaggravationor P mitigationsubmittedbytheprosecution,thedefendant,or (x thevictim,orthefamilyofthevictimifthevictimis P deceased,andanyfurtherevidenceintroducedatthe ( sentencinghearing.Thecourtshallsetforthontherecord   thefactsandreasonsforimposingtheupperorlowerterm.  ! Thecourtmaynotimposeanuppertermbyusingthefact `!" ofanyenhancementuponwhichsentenceisimposedunder 8"# anyprovisionoflaw.(Emphasissupplied.)#`$   ` C. StateRulesofCourt  p&!(  ` RelevantCaliforniaRulesofCourt,whichareattachedas  (p#* AppendixD,includethefollowing: ) %,  `  Rule4.401.Authority +&.  `  Rule4.405.Definitions X,'/  `  Rule4.406.Reasons   `  Rule4.408.Criterianotexclusive;sequencenotsignificant   `  Rule4.409.Considerationofcriteria `  `  Rule4.420.Selectionofbasetermofimprisonment 8  `  Rule4.421.Circumstancesinaggravation `  `  Rule4.423.Circumstancesinmitigation 8 @rr+  STATEMENTOFTHECASE  )Ԉ H    ` InanindictmentfiledonMarch14,2001,thestatecharged  H  petitionerJohnCunninghaminContraCostaCountySuperiorCourtwith   onecountofcontinuoussexualabuseinviolationofCaliforniaPenal X  Codesection288.5,asfollows: X 0 ` 0 ` ` "OnoraboutJanuary,2000throughDecember,2000,at  SanPablo,inContraCostaCounty,theDefendant,JOHN  E.CUNNINGHAM,whoresidedinthesamehomewith h andhadrecurringaccesstoJohnDoe,whowasaminor @ childundertheageof14years,fromJanuary,2000,to h December,2000,aperiodofnotlessthanthreemonthsin @ duration,didunlawfullyengageinthreeandmoreactsof  lewdandlasciviousconductwiththechild."CT192.   1         ` OnMay30,2003,thejuryconvictedMr.Cunninghamascharged, P statinginitsverdictformthatitfoundMr.Cunninghamguiltyof"a P violationofPCSec.288.5,(continuoussexualabuse),assetforthinthe   indictment."CT460.Otherthanwhatwasstatedonitsverdictform,the `!" jurymadenootherfactualfindingsregardingMr.Cunninghamorhis #`$ guilt. $ &  ` AttheAugust1,2003sentencinghearing,thetrialcourtfirst p&!( deniedMr.Cunninghamprobation.RT728.Thecourtthenfoundthe  (p#* existenceofsixaggravatingfactorspursuanttotheCaliforniaRulesof  Court:(1)greatviolence,greatbodilyharm,andthreatthereof ` disclosingahighdegreeofviciousnessandcallousness(rule ` 4.421(a)(1)),(2)avulnerablevictimduetohisageanddependenceon   Mr.Cunninghamashisfatherandprimarycaretaker(rule4.421(a)(3)), p  (3)athreatofbodilyinjurytocoercethevictimtorecant(rule  p  4.421(a)(6)),(4)takingadvantageofapositionoftrustorconfidenceas   thevictim'sfatherandcaregiver(rule4.421(a)(11)),(5)engagingin   violentconductwhichindicatesaseriousdangertosociety(rule 0  4.421(b)(1)),and(6)employmentasapoliceofficer(rule4.408(a)).RT 0 728729.Thecourtfoundonemitigatingfactor:Mr.Cunningham'slack  ofanypriorrecord(rule4.423(b)(1)).RT728.Thecourtthen @ determinedthatthefactorsinaggravationoutweighedthefactorin @ mitigation,andsentencedMr.Cunninghamtotheuppertermof16years  instateprisonforthecontinuoussexualabuseconviction.RT729730. P Thatsameday,Mr.Cunninghamfiledatimelynoticeofappeal.CT P 589.    ` RelyingonthisCourt'sdecisionin  Blakelyv.Washington,542U.S. `!" 296,125S.Ct.2531(2004),Mr.Cunninghamcontendedonappealthat #`$ hewasdeprivedofhisSixthAmendmentrighttoajurytrialand $ & FourteenthAmendmentrighttodueprocessbecausethetrialcourt p&!( imposedtheuppertermof16yearsbyrelyingonaggravatingfactors  (p#* foundtrueneitherbyajurynorbeyondareasonabledoubt.Thestate ) %, CourtofAppealrejectedthisclaim,findingthatunderCalifornia's +&. DeterminateSentencingLaw(the"DSL"),whichprovidesforthe  impositionofalower,middle,orupperterm,"theexerciseofjudicial ` discretioninselectingtheuppertermbasedonaggravatingsentencing ` factorsdoesnotimplicatetherighttoajurydeterminationbecausethe   uppertermiswithintheauthorizedrangeofpunishment."Opinionat16. p  PresidingJusticeJonesdissentedfromthisportionofthemajority's  p  opinion,concludingthatBlakelycompelledaremandforresentencing   since"[u]nderCalifornia'sdeterminatesentencingscheme,themaximum   sentenceacourtcanimposewithoutmakingadditionalfactualfindingsis 0  themiddleterm."Conc.&dis.opn.ofJones,P.J.at12.OnMay4, 0 2005,theCourtofAppealissuedaonepageorderdenyingMr.  Cunningham'spetitionforrehearing   2      ׀andmodifyingitsopinion. @ AppendixB. @  ` OnMay19,2005,Mr.CunninghampetitionedtheCalifornia  SupremeCourtfordiscretionaryreviewofthisissue.OnJune20,2005, P whileMr.Cunningham'spetitionwaspending,theCaliforniaSupreme P Courtdecided  Peoplev.Black,35Cal.4th1238(Cal.2005),holdingthat   criminaldefendantshavenofederalconstitutionalrighttoajurytrialon `!" aggravatingfactorsusedtoimposeanuppertermsentenceunderthe #`$ DSL.OnJune29,2005,thatcourtissuedanorderdenyingMr. $ & Cunningham'sPetitionforReview"withoutprejudicetoanyreliefto p&!( whichdefendantmightbeentitleduponfinalityofPeoplev.Black(June  (p#* 20,2005,S126182)___Cal.4th___,2005WL1421815...regarding  theeffectofBlakelyv.Washington(2004)542U.S.___,124S.Ct.2531, ` andUnitedStatesv.Booker(2005)543U.S.___,125S.Ct.738,on ` Californialaw."AppendixC.Blackhassincebecomefinal,withno   changeintheopinion.SeePeoplev.Black,supra,35Cal.4th1238.This p  PetitionforWritofCertiorarifollows.  p      @_ _ '  REASONSFORGRANTINGTHEWRIT ifDCԈ    2   I  .3  0 ` CERTIORARIISAPPROPRIATETODECIDEWHETHER ` CALIFORNIA'SDETERMINATESENTENCINGLAW,BY 8 PERMITTINGSENTENCINGJUDGESTOIMPOSE ` ENHANCEDSENTENCESBASEDONTHEIR 8 DETERMINATIONOFFACTSNOTFOUNDBYTHEJURY   ORADMITTEDBYTHEDEFENDANT,VIOLATESTHE   SIXTHANDFOURTEENTHAMENDMENTS ifC.p ` `     ` 2   A  .3  0 Introduction ifE.  p     Xp ` AsthisCourthasrepeatedlymadeclear,anyfactthatincreases   thepenaltyforacrimebeyondtheprescribedstatutorymaximum,other   thanthefactofapriorconviction,mustbesubmittedtoajuryand 0  provedbeyondareasonabledoubt.See,e.g.,Blakelyv.Washington, 0 supra,124S.Ct.atp.2536;  Apprendiv.NewJersey,530U.S.466,490  (2000).Mostrecently,theCourthasappliedthisconstitutionalmandate @ toinvalidateWashingtonstate'ssentencingschemeandtheFederal @ SentencingGuidelinestotheextenttheypermittedjudicialfactfinding  ofaggravatingfactorstojustifytheimpositionofasentencegreaterthan P themaximumauthorizedbythejury'sverdictordefendant'sadmissions. P   UnitedStatesv.Booker,___U.S.___,125S.Ct.738(2005)[Federal   SentencingGuidelines];Blakelyv.Washington,supra,124S.Ct.2531 `!" [Washingtonstate'ssentencingscheme]. #`$  ` DespitetheCourt'sauthoritiesinthisarea,Californiahasnow $ & decidedthatitsdeterminatesentencingscheme,theDSL,doesnotoffend p&!( theSixthorFourteenthAmendmentseventotheextentthatitpermitsa  (p#* trialjudgetoimposeanuppertermsentencebasedonfactorsin ) %, aggravationfoundtrueneitherbyajurynorbeyondareasonabledoubt. +&. Peoplev.Black,supra,35Cal.4th1238;seealsoOpinionat1617.In  lightofCalifornia'sposition,certiorariisappropriateinthiscasefortwo ` reasons.First,thisrecentlysettledCalifornialawdirectlycontravenes ` BlakelyandApprendi.Certiorariisthereforenecessarytoforestall   Californiafromcontinuingtoviolatetheconstitutionalrightsof p  thousandsofcriminaldefendantsduringsentencing.Second,asplitof  p  authoritycompellingresolutionhasnowariseninthestatecourtsinthe   aftermathofBlakelyandBookerregardingtheapplicationofthesecases   tosentencingschemesjustlikeCalifornia'sDSL.Becausethiscaseisan 0  idealoneforresolvingtheimportantquestionpresented,thisCourt 0 shouldgrantcertiorariandholdthatCalifornia'sDSL,asisbeingapplied  topermittheimpositionofenhancedsentencesbasedonjudicialfact @ finding,violatestheSixthandFourteenthAmendments. @    ` 2   B  .3  0 CaliforniaLawDirectlyContravenesThisCourt's  PrecedentsAndMustBeCorrectedToAvoidFurther x ConstitutionalEncroachments ifR. P   ` TheSixthandFourteenthAmendments"requirecriminal P convictionstorestuponajurydeterminationthatthedefendantisguilty   ofeveryelementofthecrimewithwhichheischarged,beyonda `!" reasonabledoubt."  UnitedStatesv.Gaudin,515U.S.506,509510 #`$ (1995);seealso   Mullaneyv.Wilbur,421U.S.684,698(1975);   Inre $ & Winship,397U.S.358,363364(1970).Whereproofofaparticularfact p&!( exposesthedefendanttogreaterpunishmentthanthatavailableinthe  (p#* absenceofsuchproof,thatfactisanelementofthecrimewhichthe ) %, SixthAmendmentrequirestobeproventoajurybeyondareasonable +&. doubt.Apprendiv.NewJersey,supra,530U.S.atp.490;Mullaneyv.  Wilbur,supra,421U.S.atp.698;  Spechtv.Patterson,386U.S.605,607 ` (1967).InApprendi,thisCourtheldthat"[o]therthanthefactofaprior ` conviction,anyfactthatincreasesthepenaltyforacrimebeyondthe   prescribedstatutorymaximummustbesubmittedtoajury,andproved p  beyondareasonabledoubt."Apprendiv.NewJersey,supra,530U.S.at  p  p.490;seealso  Ringv.Arizona,536U.S.584,609(2002)[Sixth   Amendmentmandatesthatexistenceofanaggravatingfactornecessary   forimpositionofdeathpenaltymustbefoundbyajuryratherthana 0  sentencingjudge]. 0  ` Blakelyv.Washington,supra,furtherelaboratedontherighttoa  jurydeterminationofnonrecidivistaggravatingfactorsbeyonda @ reasonabledoubt.There,theCourtheldthatWashingtonstate's @ sentencingprocedureviolatedtheSixthAmendmentbecauseitpermitted  thetrialcourttoimposeasentenceabovethe"standardrange"or P statutorymaximumifitfoundtheexistenceofanaggravatingfactor P demonstratingsubstantialandcompellingreasonsforanexceptional   sentence.124S.Ct.atp.2538.AstheCourtexplained: `!" 0 ` 0 ` ` "[T]hestatutorymaximum'forApprendipurposesisthe #`$ maximumsentenceajudgemayimposesolelyonthebasis #8% ofthefactsreflectedinthejuryverdictoradmittedbythe $ & defendant.Inotherwords,therelevantstatutory % ' maximum'isnotthemaximumsentenceajudgemay p&!( imposeafterfindingadditionalfacts,butthemaximumhe H'") mayimposewithoutanyadditionalfacts."Id.atp.2537  (p#* (emphasisinoriginal).(H$+   ` California'sDSLemploysasystemofsentencingchoicesmuch *%- likeWashington'ssentencingschemeatissueinBlakely.Under X,'/ CaliforniaPenalCodesection1170,subdivision(b),"[w]henajudgment  ofimprisonmentistobeimposedandthestatutespecifiesthreepossible ` terms,thecourtshallorderimpositionofthemiddleterm,unlessthereare ` circumstancesinaggravationormitigationofthecrime."(Emphasis   supplied.)SeealsoCal.RulesofCourt,  rule4.420(a)["Themiddleterm p  shallbeselectedunlessimpositionoftheupperorlowertermisjustified  p  bycircumstancesinaggravationormitigation."].Thus,undertheDSL,   themiddletermisthepresumptivesentence,see,e.g.,  Peoplev.Arauz,5   Cal.App.4th663,666(Cal.App.1992)(maj.opn.)and674(conc.&dis. 0  opn.ofYegan,J.)),orasinBlakely,the"statutorymaximum"allowable 0 fortheparticularoffense.Infact,asentencingjudgeinCalifornianeed  notevenstatereasonsforimposingthemiddleterm.  Peoplev.Arceo,95 @ Cal.App.3d117,121(Cal.App.1979). @  ` Furthermore,aswithWashington'ssentencingprocedure,in  California,theuppertermmayonlybeimposedwhere"exceptional" P circumstancesintheformofaggravatingfactorsexistjustifyinga P departurefromthemiddleterm.See,e.g.,  Peoplev.Jackson,196   Cal.App.3d380,390391(Cal.App.1987);Cal.RulesofCourt,rule `!" 4.420(b)["Selectionoftheuppertermisjustifiedonlyif,aftera #`$ considerationofalltherelevantfacts,thecircumstancesinaggravation $ & outweighthecircumstancesinmitigation."].California'sRulesofCourt p&!( alsoonlyrequirethatthesentencingjudgefindcircumstancesin  (p#*  aggravationbyapreponderanceoftheevidence.Cal.RulesofCourt, ) %, rule4.420(b);seealso  Peoplev.Levitt,156Cal.App.3d500,515  (Cal.App.1984). `   `   CaliforniaRulesofCourt,rule4.421setsforthanonexhaustive ` listofcircumstanceswhichmayconstituteaggravatingfactors.R  ule   4.408(a)providesthatforpurposesofmakingdiscretionarysentencing p  decisions,thesentencingcourtmayconsider"additionalcriteria  p  reasonablyrelatedtothedecisionbeingmade."Cf.Blakelyv.   Washington,supra,124S.Ct.atp.2535[Washingtonsentencingscheme   providing"illustrative"listofaggravatingfactorswhichjustify 0  impositionofexceptionalsentence].However,California'sRulesof 0 Courtmakeclearthatinfindingtheexistenceofanaggravatingfactor,  thecourtmaynotrelyonafactorwhichisanelementofthecrime.Cal. @ RulesofCourt,rule4.420(d)["Afactthatisanelementofthecrime @ shallnotbeusedtoimposetheupperterm."];seealso   Peoplev.  Fernandez,226Cal.App.3d669,680(Cal.App.1990)[trialcourt P erroneouslyreliedonvulnerabilitybasedonyoungageofvictimas P aggravatingfactorinsentencingresidentchildmolesterbecauseage   rangewasspecifiedinunderlyingoffense].Similarly,evenwherean `!" aggravatingfactortechnicallyisnotanelementoftheunderlyingcrime, #`$ Californiacourtsmaynotrelyonitwherethefactorisinherentinthe $ & crime.See,e.g., " Peoplev.Young,146Cal.App.3d729,734(Cal.App. p&!( 1983)[trialcourtimproperlyreliedon"extremeseriousnatureofthe  (p#* offense"toaggravatedefendant'ssentenceforassaultwithadeadly ) %, weaponsincethisoffenseis"obvious[ly]"anextremelyseriousoffense]. +&. Consequently,underCalifornia'sDSL,whenasentencingcourtfindsthe  existenceoffactorsinaggravation,itnecessarilyfindstheexistenceof ` factsbeyondwhichthejuryfoundtoexistinarrivingatitsverdict. `  ` CaliforniaPenalCodesection288.5theprovisionunderwhich   Mr.Cunninghamwasconvictedprovidesthatonewhocommits p  continuoussexualabuseofachild"shallbepunishedbyimprisonmentin  p  thestateprisonforatermof6,12,or16years."Cal.Pen.Code288.5,   subd.(a).Intheabsenceofaggravatingfactors,adeparturefromthe   middletermsentenceof12yearstotheuppertermof16yearsis 0  unauthorizedundertheDSL.Pen.Code1170,subd.(b);seealsoCal. 0 RulesofCourt,rule4.420(a).Thus,pursuanttoApprendiandBlakely,  themiddletermof12yearsisthe"statutorymaximum"sentencethata @ judgemayimposeforasection288.5conviction"solelyonthebasisof @ thefactsreflectedinthejuryverdictoradmittedbythedefendant."  Blakelyv.Washington,supra,124S.Ct.atp.2537.Nevertheless,without P thebenefitofadditionaljuryfactfinding,thetrialcourtinthiscase P foundtheexistenceofsixaggravatingfactorsbasedonwhichitdeparted   fromthestatutorymaximumof12years,andsentencedMr.Cunningham `!" totheuppertermof16years.Moreover,byoperationofCalifornia #`$ RulesofCourt,rule4.420(b),thecourtnecessarilybaseditsfactual $ & findingsonapreponderanceoftheevidencestandard.TheCalifornia p&!( CourtofAppealheldthatthetrialcourt'simpositionoftheupperterm  (p#* underthesecircumstancesdidnot  ) %, contraveneBlakelyorviolateMr.Cunningham'sconstitutionalrightstoa  jurytrialanddueprocess.Opinionat1617.$   3       `  ` DespitethesimilaritybetweenWashingtonstate'ssentencing ` schemeandCalifornia'sDSL,theCaliforniaSupremeCourthasnow   concludedastheCourtofAppealdidherethattheDSLdoesnot p  violatethedictatesofApprendiandBlakely.Peoplev.Black,supra,35  p  Cal.4thatp.1254.InBlack,thecourtconcededthat"[t]hemandatory   languageof[CaliforniaPenalCode]section1170,subdivision(b),does   providesomesupportfordefendant'sposition,"ibid.,andthat"section 0  1170,subdivision(b)canbecharacterizedasestablishingthemiddle 0 termsentenceasapresumptivesentence..."id.atp.1257.However,  relyingonUnitedStatesv.Booker,supra,andthediscretionsentencing @ judgeshaveundertheDSLtoimposethelower,middle,orupperterm @ afterthejuryhasreturnedaguiltyverdict,thecourtconcludedthata  judge'simpositionof"theuppertermisthestatutorymaximum'for P purposesofSixthAmendmentanalysis."Id.atp.12571258.Indeed, P thecourtfoundthattheDSL"preserves,ratherthanundermines,the   traditionalpowerofthejury."Id.atp.1257. `!"  ` Indissent,JusticeKennardobserved:"Hardasittries,the  majorityherecannotpointtoanysignificantdifferencesbetween ` California'ssentencinglawandtheWashingtonsentencingschemethat ` thehighcourtinvalidatedinBlakely...."Peoplev.Black,supra,35   Cal.4thatp.1271(conc.&dis.opn.ofKennard,J.).Moreover,as p  JusticeKennardexplained,thejudicialdiscretionaffordedCalifornia  p  sentencingjudgesundertheDSLisinfactnodifferentfromthe   discretionaffordedjudgesundertheWashingtonscheme.Ibid.&   4          ` InlightofCalifornia'spositionregardingtheconstitutionalityof 0  itsDSL,certiorariisnecessarytomakeCaliforniaanditssentencing 0 schemeadheretoconstitutionallyacceptablestandards.More  importantly,thisCourtshouldgrantcertiorariontheissuepresentedto @ preventCaliforniafromcontinuingeverydaytoviolatetheconstitutional @ rightsofcountlesscriminaldefendantsfacingsentencinginitscourts.     ` 2   C  .3  0 ASplitOfAuthorityHasDevelopedInTheStateCourts P RegardingTheApplicationOfBlakelyandBookerTo (x SentencingSchemesLikeCalifornia'sDeterminate P SentencingLaw ysD. (   ` Certiorariisalsoappropriatetoresolvethestarksplitofauthority  whichhasdevelopedinthestatecourtsregardingtheapplicationof ` BlakelytosentencingschemessimilartoCalifornia'sDSL.Decisions ` fromArizona,Colorado,Minnesota,NewJersey,NorthCarolina,   Indiana,andOregonhaveappliedabrightlinerule,holdingthatthe p  SixthandFourteenthAmendmentsarenecessarilyviolatedwhena  p  sentencingjudgefindsfactsinimposingasentencelongerthanthe   maximumauthorizedbythejury'sverdictsorthedefendant'sadmissions.   See,e.g. ' Statev.Brown,209Ariz.200,203,99P.3d15,18(Ariz.2004); 0   ) Lopezv.State,113P.3d713,723725(Colo.2005); + Smyliev.State,823 0 N.E.2d679,863(Ind.2005); - Statev.Shattuck,689N.W.2d785,786  (Minn.2004); / Statev.Natale,184N.J.458,466,878A.2d724,728(N.J. @ 2005); 1 Statev.Allen,359N.C.425,615S.E.2d256,264265(N.C. @ 2005); 3 Statev.Dilts,337Or.645,649,103P.3d95,99(Or.2004).On  theotherhand,statecourtsinCalifornia,Hawaii,andTennessee,finding P nobrightlinerule,haveconcludedthatsuchfactfindingbyjudgesis P constitutionalwhenconductedwithinasentencingschemecharacterized   bybroadjudicialdiscretion.See,e.g.,Peoplev.Black,supra,35Cal.4th `!" atp.1254(Cal.); 5 Statev.Maugaotega,107Haw.399,114P.3d905,914 #`$ 915(Haw.2005); 7 Statev.Gomez,163S.W.3d632,661(Tenn.2005).As $ & discussedintheprevioussection,thisispreciselytheapproachtakenby p&!( theCourtofAppealinthiscase.SeeOpinionat1617.  (p#*  ` Sincethissharpsplitofauthorityhasarisenamongthestate's ) %, highestcourts,itcannotberesolvedwithoutthisCourt'sintervention. +&. Thus,inordertocorrecttheconstitutionalanalysisinthosejurisdictions  which,contrarytoBlakely,upholdsentencingschemespermittingthe ` impositionofenhancedsentencesbasedonjudicialfactfindingnot ` juryfindingsordefendants'admissionstheCourtshouldgrantthis   PetitionforWritofCertiorari. p     ` 2   D  .3  0 ThisCasePresentsAnExcellentVehicleForConsidering   TheQuestionPresented ys. X    ` Atleastthreeaspectsofthiscasemakeitanexcellentvehiclefor X decidingwhetherCalifornia'sDSL,bypermittingsentencingjudgesto  imposeenhancedsentencesbasedontheirdeterminationoffactsnot h foundbythejuryoradmittedbythedefendant,violatestheSixthand h FourteenthAmendments.First,thecaseisondirectreviewand  Petitionerunambiguouslypresentedthefederalconstitutionalclaimto x theCaliforniaCourtofAppeal,whichdeniedtheclaimonitsmerits. (x PetitionersimilarlypresentedtheclaimtotheCaliforniaSupremeCourt, ( whichdeclinedtoreviewit.Consequently,thereisnoprocedural  ! impedimenttothisCourt'sconsideringthequestionpresented. 8"#  ` Second,thiscaseonlyinvolvesthefindingofaggravatingfactors #8% basedonconductrelatingtothechargedoffense,andistherefore % ' unencumberedbythecomplexityoftherecidivistrelatedaggravating H'") factorsexceptiontothejurytrialrightidentifiedin 9 Almendarez-Torresv. (H$+ UnitedStates,523U.S.224(1998).Incontrast,theCaliforniaSupreme *%- Court'sdecisioninPeoplev.Black,supra,involvesthisveryissue. X,'/ Indeed,althoughJusticeKennarddissentedfromthemajority'sreasoning  inBlackwhichupheldtheconstitutionalityofCalifornia'sDSL,she ` concurredintheresultbecause"insentencingdefendanttotheupper ` term,thetrialcourtreliedinparton[defendant's]priorcriminalhistory   andonfactsfoundbythejury...."Peoplev.Black,supra,35Cal.4that p  p.1273(conc.&dis.opn.ofKennard,J.).AlsounlikeBlack,thiscase  p  doesnotinvolvethetrialcourt'suseofanaggravatingfactorthatthejury   foundtrueinreturningitsverdict.Ibid.[probationineligibilityfinding   byjury]. 0   ` Third,thereiseveryreasontobelievethattheconstitutional 0 violationwasnotharmless.Thetrialcourtimposedtheuppertermof16  yearsbasedonitsfindingofsixfactorsinaggravation.Atthesentencing @ hearing,defensecounselnotonlyobjectedto,andcontestedthefactors @ inaggravation,butheintroducedsubstantialevidencesupportinga  findingthatprobationwastheappropriatesentenceforMr.Cunningham. P RT716722;cf. ; UnitedStatesv.Neder,527U.S.1,19(1999)[failureto P submitanelementofanoffensetojurywillnotbeharmlesswhere   defendantcontestedomittedelementandraisedevidencesufficientto `!" supportacontraryfinding].Further,thestatecourtsquarelyrejected #`$ Petitioner'sclaimonthemerits,withoutanyfindingofharmlesserror. $ & Opinionat1617.PresidingJusticeJones,whoindissentconcludedthat p&!( theimpositionoftheuppertermviolatedPetitioner'sconstitutionalrights  (p#* underBlakely,wouldhavefoundtheconstitutionalviolationprejudicial ) %, andremandedforaresentencing.Conc.&dis.opn.ofJones,P.J.at12. +&. ThisCourtshouldgrantMr.Cunningham'sPetitionforWritof  Certiorari.  ` @0  CONCLUSION .AԈ   ` Fortheforegoingreasons,thisCourtshouldgrantthePetitionfor ` WritofCertiorari. ` DATED:"US ,  m.February24,2006!  .    Respectfullysubmitted,    `     h     By: p ________________  H   `     h      p PeterGold    `     h      p Attorneyforpetitioner    `     h      p JohnCunningham     X  @oo-TABLEOFCONTENTS  TABLEOFAUTHORITIEST T U .88&ii ` =.  8 `  QUESTIONPRESENTED#T .$` x` x#2 ` 8 `  OPINIONSBELOW#T .tt ` x` x#2   8 `  JURISDICTION#T . ` x` x#2 p  8 `  CONSTITUTIONALANDSTATUTORYPROVISIONS  p  INVOLVED#T . !` x` x#2  H  8 `  STATEMENTOFTHECASE#T .'` x` x#4   8 `  REASONSFORGRANTINGTHEWRIT#T .""/` x` x#9 X  8 `  I.0` ` x` xCERTIORARIISAPPROPRIATETODECIDE X WHETHERCALIFORNIA'SDETERMINATE 0 SENTENCINGLAW,BYPERMITTINGSENTENCING  JUDGESTOIMPOSEENHANCEDSENTENCES  BASEDONTHEIRDETERMINATIONOFFACTSNOT h FOUNDBYTHEJURYORADMITTEDBYTHE @ DEFENDANT,VIOLATESTHESIXTHAND h FOURTEENTHAMENDMENTS#T ..` x` x#9 @ 8 `   ` A.0 ` x` xIntroduction#T .  + x x#9  8 `   ` B.0 ` x` xCaliforniaLawDirectlyContravenesThisCourt's P PrecedentsAndMustBeCorrectedToAvoid (x FurtherConstitutionalEncroachments#T .C x x#10 P 8 `   ` C.0 ` x` xASplitOfAuthorityHasDevelopedInTheState   CourtsRegardingTheApplicationOfBlakelyand  ! BookerToSentencingSchemesLikeCalifornia's `!" DeterminateSentencingLaw#T .9 x x#18 8"# 8 `   ` D.0 ` x` xThisCasePresentsAnExcellentVehicleFor #8% ConsideringTheQuestionPresented#T .A x x#20 $ &  v8 `  CONCLUSION#T . ` x` x#23  p&!(  > @+TABLEOFAUTHORITIES  CASES ` ?.  Almendarez-Torresv.UnitedStates,523U.S.224(1998)U .HHI20 ` Apprendiv.NewJersey,530U.S.466(2000)` ` V .=9   Blakelyv.Washington,542U.S.296,125S.Ct.2531(2004)` ` V .``L6 p  InreWinship,397U.S.358(1970)U .rr411  p  Lopezv.State,113P.3d713(Colo.2005)U .;18   Mullaneyv.Wilbur,421U.S.684(1975)U .911   Peoplev.Arauz,5Cal.App.4th663(Cal.App.1992)U .||D12 0  Peoplev.Arceo,95Cal.App.3d117(Cal.App.1979)U .D13 0 Peoplev.Black,35Cal.4th1238(Cal.2005)` ` V .>7  Peoplev.Fernandez,226Cal.App.3d669(Cal.App.1990)U .I14 @ Peoplev.Jackson,196Cal.App.3d380(Cal.App.1987)U .G13 @ Peoplev.Levitt,156Cal.App.3d500(Cal.App.1984)U .F13  Peoplev.Young,146Cal.App.3d729(Cal.App.1983)U .\\E14 P Ringv.Arizona,536U.S.584(2002)U .@@611 P Smyliev.State,823N.E.2d679(Ind.2005)U .||=18   Spechtv.Patterson,386U.S.605(1967)U .^^:11 `!" Statev.Allen,359N.C.425,615S.E.2d256(N.C.2005)U .<<J19 #`$ Statev.Brown,209Ariz.200,99P.3d15(Ariz.2004)U .FFH18 $ & Statev.Dilts,337Or.645,103P.3d95(Or.2004)U .E19 p&!( Statev.Gomez,163S.W.3d632(Tenn.2005)U .RR=19  (p#* Statev.Maugaotega,107Haw.399,114P.3d905(Haw.2005)U .NNM19 ) %, Statev.Natale,184N.J.458,878A.2d724(N.J.2005)U .||I18 +&.  X,'/ Statev.Shattuck,689N.W.2d785(Minn.2004)U .@18  UnitedStatesv.Booker,___U.S.___,125S.Ct.738(2005)` ` V .@@M9 ` UnitedStatesv.Gaudin,515U.S.506(1995)U .>11 ` UnitedStatesv.Neder,527U.S.1(1999)U .;21    STATUTES  p  CALIFORNIAPENALCODE    ` Section288.5` ` V .00&3    ` Section1170` ` V . %3 0   ` Section1203.03` ` V .(3 0 UNITEDSTATESCODE h Ays   ` 28U.S.C.section1257` ` V ./2 h  üCALIFORNIARULESOFCOURT  Bys   ` Rule4.408` ` V .8 8 #6 P  ` Rule4.420U .8 8 #12 P  ` Rule4.421` ` V .8 8 #5    { ` Rule4.423` ` V .8 8 #6 `!" UNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION 8"#  ` SixthAmendment` ` V .(2 #8% Cys ` FourteenthAmendment` ` V .-3 % '   p&!(   ,@vv)CaliforniaRulesofCourt     Rule4.401.Authority    Z TherulesinthisdivisionareadoptedpursuanttoPenalCodesection 2 1170.3andpursuanttotheauthoritygrantedtotheJudicialCouncilby  Z theConstitution,articleVI,section6,toadoptrulesforcourt  2 administration,practiceandprocedure.       , Rule4.405.Definitions  j   , B   Asusedinthisdivision,unlessthecontextotherwiserequires: j   B  ***      (b)"Baseterm"isthedeterminateprisontermselectedfromamong z  thethreepossibletermsprescribedbystatuteorthedeterminateprison R  termprescribedbylawifarangeofthreepossibletermsisnot *z prescribed. R  * (c)"Enhancement"meansanadditionaltermofimprisonmentadded  tothebaseterm.   b (d)"Aggravation"or"circumstancesinaggravation"meansfacts : whichjustifytheimpositionoftheupperprisontermreferredtoin b section1170(b). :   (e)"Mitigation"or"circumstancesinmitigation"meansfactswhich  justifytheimpositionofthelowerofthreeauthorizedprisontermsor r factswhichjustifythecourtinstrikingtheadditionalpunishmentforan J enhancementwhenthecourthasdiscretiontodoso. "r  J (f)"Sentencechoice"meanstheselectionofanydispositionofthe " casewhichdoesnotamounttoadismissal,acquittal,orgrantofanew    trial. !!  Z"" *** 2##   $Z$ (h)"Imprisonment"meansconfinementinastateprison. $2 %  % !& *** &!'  j'"(  , Rule4.406.Reasons  B(#)  , )j$* (a)[Howgiven]Ifthesentencingjudgeisrequiredtogivereasons )B%+ forasentencechoice,thejudgeshallstateinsimplelanguagethe *&, primaryfactororfactorsthatsupporttheexerciseofdiscretionor,if +&- applicable,statethatthejudgehasnodiscretion.Thestatementneednot  beinthelanguageoftheserules.Itshallbedeliveredorallyonthe  record. `  8 (b)[Whenreasonsrequired]Sentencechoicesthatgenerallyrequire ` astatementofareasoninclude: 8     ` ***    p  0 ` (2)Imposingaprisonsentenceandtherebydenyingprobation.H  ` `    p   ` ***  H     0 ` (4)Selectingatermotherthanthemiddlestatutorytermforeither   anoffenseoranenhancement. ` `   X   ` *** 0   X 0 ` (7)Strikingthepunishmentforanenhancement.0` `    0 ` ***` `   h 0 ` (10)Strikinganenhancementorpriorconvictionallegationunder @ section1385(a).h` `   @  , Rule4.408.Criterianotexclusive;sequencenotsignificant    ,  (a)Theenumerationintheserulesofsomecriteriaforthemakingof x discretionarysentencingdecisionsdoesnotprohibittheapplicationof P additionalcriteriareasonablyrelatedtothedecisionbeingmade.Any (x suchadditionalcriteriashallbestatedontherecordbythesentencing P judge. (    (b)Theorderinwhichcriteriaarelisteddoesnotindicatetheir  ! relativeweightorimportance. `!"  , , Rule4.409.Considerationofcriteria  #`$  #8% Relevantcriteriaenumeratedintheserulesshallbeconsideredbythe $ & sentencingjudge,andshallbedeemedtohavebeenconsideredunless % ' therecordaffirmativelyreflectsotherwise. p&!(  H'")  , Rule4.420.Selectionofbasetermofimprisonment   (p#*  , (H$+ (a)Whenasentenceofimprisonmentisimposed,ortheexecutionof ) %, asentenceofimprisonmentisorderedsuspended,thesentencingjudge *%- shallselecttheupper,middle,orlowertermoneachcountforwhichthe +&. defendanthasbeenconvicted,asprovidedinsection1170(b)andthese X,'/ rules.Themiddletermshallbeselectedunlessimpositionoftheupper  orlowertermisjustifiedbycircumstancesinaggravationormitigation.   ` (b)Circumstancesinaggravationandmitigationshallbeestablished 8 byapreponderanceoftheevidence.Selectionoftheuppertermis ` justifiedonlyif,afteraconsiderationofalltherelevantfacts,the 8 circumstancesinaggravationoutweighthecircumstancesinmitigation.   Therelevantfactsareincludedinthecaserecord,theprobationofficer's   report,otherreportsandstatementsproperlyreceived,statementsin p  aggravationormitigation,andanyfurtherevidenceintroducedatthe H   sentencinghearing.Selectionofthelowertermisjustifiedonlyif,  p  consideringthesamefacts,thecircumstancesinmitigationoutweighthe  H  circumstancesinaggravation.      (c)Tocomplywithsection1170(b),afactchargedandfoundasan   enhancementmaybeusedasareasonforimposingtheuppertermonly X  ifthecourthasdiscretiontostrikethepunishmentfortheenhancement 0  anddoesso.Theuseofafactofanenhancementtoimposetheupper X termofimprisonmentisanadequatereasonforstrikingtheadditional 0 termofimprisonment,regardlessoftheeffectonthetotalterm.    (d)Afactthatisanelementofthecrimeshallnotbeusedtoimpose h theupperterm. @  h (e)Thereasonsforselectingtheupperorlowertermshallbestated @ orallyontherecord,andshallincludeaconcisestatementoftheultimate  factswhichthecourtdeemedtoconstitutecircumstancesinaggravation  ormitigationjustifyingthetermselected. x  P  , Rule4.421.Circumstancesinaggravation  (x  , P Circumstancesinaggravationinclude: (    (a)Factsrelatingtothecrime,whetherornotchargedorchargeable  ! asenhancements,includingthefactthat: `!"  8"# 0 ` (1)Thecrimeinvolvedgreatviolence,greatbodilyharm,threatof #`$ greatbodilyharm,orotheractsdisclosingahighdegreeof #8% cruelty,viciousness,orcallousness.$ &` `   % ' 0 ` (2)Thedefendantwasarmedwithorusedaweaponatthetimeof p&!( thecommissionofthecrime.H'")` `    (p#* 0 ` (3)Thevictimwasparticularlyvulnerable.(H$+` `   ) %, 0 ` (4)Thedefendantinducedotherstoparticipateinthecommission *%- ofthecrimeoroccupiedapositionofleadershipordominanceof +&. otherparticipantsinitscommission.X,'/` `  Ї0 ` (5)Thedefendantinducedaminortocommitorassistinthe  commissionofthecrime.` `   ` 0 ` (6)Thedefendantthreatenedwitnesses,unlawfullypreventedor 8 dissuadedwitnessesfromtestifying,subornedperjury,orinany ` otherwayillegallyinterferedwiththejudicialprocess.8` `     0 ` (7)Thedefendantwasconvictedofothercrimesforwhich   consecutivesentencescouldhavebeenimposedbutforwhich p  concurrentsentencesarebeingimposed.H  ` `    p  0 ` (8)Themannerinwhichthecrimewascarriedoutindicates  H  planning,sophistication,orprofessionalism. ` `  0 `  ` `  0 ` (9)Thecrimeinvolvedanattemptedoractualtakingordamageof   greatmonetaryvalue.X ` `   0  0 ` (10)Thecrimeinvolvedalargequantityofcontraband.X` `   0 0 ` (11)Thedefendanttookadvantageofapositionoftrustor  confidencetocommittheoffense.` `   h (b)Factsrelatingtothedefendant,includingthefactthat: @  h 0 ` (1)Thedefendanthasengagedinviolentconductwhichindicates @ aseriousdangertosociety.` `    0 ` (2)Thedefendant'spriorconvictionsasanadultorsustained x petitionsinjuveniledelinquencyproceedingsarenumerousorof P increasingseriousness.(x` `   P 0 ` (3)Thedefendanthasservedapriorprisonterm.(` `     0 ` (4)Thedefendantwasonprobationorparolewhenthecrimewas  ! committed.`!"` `   8"# 0 ` (5)Thedefendant'spriorperformanceonprobationorparolewas #`$ unsatisfactory.#8%` `   $ & (c)Anyotherfactsstatutorilydeclaredtobecircumstancesin % ' aggravation. p&!(  H'")  , Rule4.423.Circumstancesinmitigation   (p#*  , (H$+ Circumstancesinmitigationinclude: ) %,  *%- (a)Factsrelatingtothecrime,includingthefactthat: +&.  X,'/ 0 ` (1)Thedefendantwasapassiveparticipantorplayedaminorrole  inthecrime.` `   ` 0 ` (2)Thevictimwasaninitiatorof,willingparticipantin,or 8 aggressororprovokeroftheincident.`` `   8 0 ` (3)Thecrimewascommittedbecauseofanunusualcircumstance,   suchasgreatprovocation,whichisunlikelytorecur. ` `   p  0 ` (4)Thedefendantparticipatedinthecrimeundercircumstancesof H   coercionorduress,orthecriminalconductwaspartiallyexcusable  p  forsomeotherreasonnotamountingtoadefense. H ` `     0 ` (5)Thedefendant,withnoapparentpredispositiontodoso,was   inducedbyotherstoparticipateinthecrime. ` `   X  0 ` (6)Thedefendantexercisedcautiontoavoidharmtopersonsor 0  damagetoproperty,ortheamountsofmoneyorpropertytaken X weredeliberatelysmall,ornoharmwasdoneorthreatened 0 againstthevictim.` `    0 ` (7)Thedefendantbelievedthatheorshehadaclaimorrightto h thepropertytaken,orforotherreasonsmistakenlybelievedthat @ theconductwaslegal.h` `   @ 0 ` (8)Thedefendantwasmotivatedbyadesiretoprovidenecessities  forhisorherfamilyorself.` `   x 0 ` (9)Thedefendantsufferedfromrepeatedorcontinuousphysical, P sexual,orpsychologicalabuseinflictedbythevictimofthecrime; (x andthevictimofthecrime,whoinflictedtheabuse,wasthe P defendant'sspouse,intimatecohabitant,orparentofthe ( defendant'schild;andthefactsconcerningtheabusedonot   amounttoadefense. !` `   `!" (b)Factsrelatingtothedefendant,includingthefactthat: 8"#  #`$ 0 ` (1)Thedefendanthasnopriorrecord,oraninsignificantrecordof #8% criminalconduct,consideringtherecencyandfrequencyofprior $ & crimes.% '` `   p&!( 0 ` (2)Thedefendantwassufferingfromamentalorphysical H'") conditionthatsignificantlyreducedculpabilityforthecrime. (p#*` `   (H$+ 0 ` (3)Thedefendantvoluntarilyacknowledgedwrongdoingpriorto ) %, arrestoratanearlystageofthecriminalprocess.*%-` `    +&. 0 ` (4)Thedefendantisineligibleforprobationandbutforthat   ineligibilitywouldhavebeengrantedprobation.` `   ` 0 ` (5)Thedefendantmaderestitutiontothevictim.8` `   ` 0 ` (6)Thedefendant'spriorperformanceonprobationorparolewas 8 satisfactory.