ÿWPCˆ  6n(Ž%¿ýwxLþwxíÑÔª…‘o*4 B¶±¾Ñ&¼$Óð®z›°ñ›Þyñì'æ6™[gšk%RÕ›d7é÷ÚŒˆu'9òðåTê»0 –þBÑ¢>"D2UmœDæÎ5ãb3&º=7ªZÄ+4Ò]0%ÆiìòfvŽÕß×u ² ôØ|‰óqE$×1ÝØÁþÍ‹{vg«ÃÝt.ÚÎØio1NNÊO5;¡xZeô3ãâD¸3`"'¯Ì‡ÈhÓ‹«š·6îH²Ê“H¡t10/Æ!¼Æ»©p,‹ú݈NÂ(zšß^­úq3¡^¤|×WmÂåòÙkœ.Â…œ.~y“ ôÅ0ܘõ+'‹“‡l”l†Â-Þm.ŒHpÆaXêQÖS*Ôʸ–¶ÔC´µUWúvÙX²:yoÃBÜXÑ‹µÊm+sØû¼—Yèä>û…ål÷äÛÅôˆõ±ƒ&<10µˆêA›WŸ‰ýzRi¹ì¨A[R¦7Gªm†«·*|Û¹eã„]©vg„¯?KðÑô@u1p4RÓÑüؽ}o–¤þ˜–­6A‚p¸aÑ¿_&ÌÛj JÃb¯:‡ äÛÇEX/ÖÇ#ÉîUN· % 0Y ^ dwp4tˆ— m™ B°° 0Í 0DjN®Ø°˜\\ORION\HP 4050 BACK HALLWAYØÈÈØØÈØÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(1”Ê$¡¡Ô€ŠÝOˆXXÔÔUSUS.,Ôs;– @O;athryn3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ d(M(3޵$¤¤Ý ƒ”Ê!ÝÔ€ŠÄ_ˆXXÔÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó possessory FDAP J.L.Werdegar t]heKennardpatsearchCoulombeSaldanaSeligmanGarveyGerrityCoulumbeRosecransHeitmeyerVillanuevaCrenshawFredricksonPendeletonRandlescopingYbarraÝ ƒ”Ê!ÝÔ€ŠÃLjXXÔÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ€î³íÃÇÔòòò òÑ8€ÃÇŠˆddÈ8ÑWHEN€DOES€AN€ANONYMOUS€TIP€PROVIDEÐ ° ÐREASONABLE€SUSPICION€FOR€A€STOP€AND€FRISK?ó óóóÐ Ô$ ÐÔ€¼¶ü»îî³íÔò òAn€Analysis€of€Recent€California€Cases€on€Anonymous€TipsÐ øH ÐÌByÐ  p ÐKathryn€Seligman,€FDAP€Staff€AttorneyÐ 4 „ ÐJordan€Jaffe,€FDAP€Law€ClerkÐ H ˜ ÐÒe°ÒMay€2007ó óÐ \ ¬ Ðò òUpdated€November€2009ó óÐ p À ÐÌÌÓ  Óà ½ àÔ€ŠÃLj»¼¶üÔRecent€cases€decided€by€the€California€Supreme€Court€and€the€Court€of€AppealÐ ¨ø  Ðhave€narrowly€interpreted€the€rule€of€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó€(2000)€529€U.S.€266,€the€United€StatesÐ ¨ø  ÐSupreme€Courtððs€last€significant€decision€on€anonymous€tips.€The€California€cases€haveÐ ¨ø  Ðmade€it€easier€for€police€officers€to€detain€and€pat„search€an€individual€based€on€anÐ ¨ø Ðanonymous€tip,€particularly€when€that€tip€is€conveyed€through€a€911€call€and€reports€aÐ ¨ø Ðdangerous€crime.Ð ¨ø ÐÌò òI.€òòà0 ½ àFlorida€v.€J.L.óó€(2000)€529€U.S.€266ó óШø½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àIn€2000,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€decided€its€first€anonymous€tip€case€in€aÐ ¦ö Ðdecade.€€Ten€years€before,€in€òòAlabama€v.€Whiteóó€(1990)€496€U.S.€325,€€the€Court€had€heldÐ ¦ö Ðthat€an€anonymous€tip€supports€aòòóó€detention€only€when€it€is€sufficiently€detailed€andÐ ¦ö Ðpredictive€to€provide€the€indicia€of€reliability€necessary€to€support€reasonable€suspicion.Ð ¦ö Ð(òòWhiteóó,€òòsupraóó,€496€U.S.€325.)Ð ¦ö ÐÌà ½ àIn€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó,€the€Supreme€Court€was€presented€with€an€anonymous€tip€lessÐ ¦ö Ðdetailed€than€the€tip€approved€in€òòWhiteóó.€Moreover,€unlike€the€informant€in€òòWhiteóó,€theÐ ¦ ö Ðtipster€in€òòJ.L.óó€did€not€predict€the€subjectððs€future€actions,€which€would€have€indicated€thatÐ ¦!ö Ðhe€possessed€inside€information€regarding€the€subjectððs€criminal€activities.€(òòWhite,€supraóó.,Ð ¦"ö Ðat€331„332;€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.,€supraóó.,€at€270„271.)€€Ð ¦#ö ÐÌà ½ àIn€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó,€an€anonymous€phone€caller€told€the€Miami€police€that€a€youngÐ ¦%ö  Ðblack€male€wearing€a€plaid€shirt€was€standing€at€a€particular€bus€stop€and€carrying€a€gun.€Ð ¦&ö!! ÐThe€call€was€not€recorded€and€nothing€was€known€about€the€informant.€Some€time€afterÐ ¦'ö"" Ðreceiving€the€tip,€police€officers€were€directed€to€respond.€Six€minutes€later,€the€officersÐ ¦(ö## Ðarrived€at€the€scene,€noticing€three€black€males€standing€at€the€designated€bus€stop.€€TheÐ ¦)ö$$ Ðofficers€identified€one€of€the€black€males€(the€defendant)€as€wearing€a€plaid€shirt€similar€toÐ ¦*ö%% Ðthat€described€in€the€anonymous€tip.€The€officers€did€not€see€a€firearm€and€the€defendantÐ ¦+ö&& ÐÔ_Ômade€no€threatening€or€unusual€movements.€€An€officer€frisked€the€defendant,€uncoveringÐ ° Ða€firearm.€€(òòFlorida€v.óó€òòJ.L.óó,€òòsupraóó,€529€U.S.€at€268.)€€à % àÐ ° ÐÌà ½ àThe€Supreme€Court€noted€that€in€order€to€justify€a€detention,€the€officer€mustÐ ° Ðreasonably€suspect€that€the€individual€is€engaged€in€criminal€activity.€€When€the€officerÐ ° Ðrelies€on€an€anonymous€tip,€this€inquiry€is€more€difficult€because€the€anonymousÐ °  Ðinformantððs€information,€standing€alone,€ð ðseldom€demonstrates€the€informantððs€basis€ofÐ °  Ðknowledge€or€veracity.ðð€(Florida€v.€J.L.,€supra.,€€at€270;€quoting€òòWhiteóó,€òòsupraóó,€496€U.S.€atÐ °  Ð329.)€€Applying€the€reasonable€suspicion€standard,€the€Court,€in€òòJ.L.,óó€held€that€theÐ °  Ðanonymous€tip€regarding€the€defendantððs€gun€possession€lacked€sufficient€indicia€ofÐ °  Ðreliability€to€support€reasonable€suspicion.€The€allegation€of€criminality€was€neitherÐ °  Ðsubstantially€detailed€nor€adequately€corroborated.€Therefore,€the€officerððs€stop„and„friskÐ °  Ðof€the€defendant€was€unreasonable.€(òòId.óó€at€274.)Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àThe€Supreme€Court€focused€its€analysis€on€the€anonymity€of€the€informant.€Ð ° ÐBecause€the€informant€had€not€revealed€his€or€her€identity,€he€or€she€could€not€be€heldÐ ° Ðaccountable€for€a€fabricated€tip;€thus,€he€or€she€could€lie€with€impunity.€€The€Court€alsoÐ ° Ðnoted€the€tip€was€devoid€of€details,€including€details€predicting€the€subjectððs€futureÐ ° Ðactions;€sufficient€details€could€support€€an€inference€that€the€informant€had€an€insideÐ ° Ðinformation€about€the€subjectððs€illegal€activity.€(òòId.óóat€271.)Ð ° Ѐ€Ð ° Ðà ½ àThe€Court€distinguished€between€the€accuracy€and€reliability€of€the€tip€inÐ ° Ðidentifying€the€subject€versus€the€reliability€of€the€tipsterððs€assertion€of€illegal€activity:Ð ° Ðð ðThe€reasonable€suspicion€here€at€issue€requires€that€a€tip€be€reliable€in€its€assertion€ofÐ ° Ðillegality,€not€just€in€its€tendency€to€identify€a€determinate€person.ðð€It€is€not€sufficient€thatÐ ° Ðthe€officer,€through€observation,€can€corroborate€the€tipsterððs€description€of€the€subject,€hisÐ ° Ðapparel,€and€his€location.€The€officer€must€corroborate€the€informantððs€allegation€ofÐ ° Ðcriminal€conduct.€(òòId.óó€at€272.)Ð ° Ѐ€Ð °  Ðà ½ àFinally,€the€Court€dismissed€the€stateððs€argument€for€a€blanket€ð ðfirearm€exceptionððÐ °! Ðto€the€òòTerryóó€reasonable€suspicion€requirement.€Under€such€an€exception,€an€undetailed€andÐ °" Ðuncorroborated€ð ðtip€alleging€an€illegal€gun€would€justify€a€stop€and€frisk€even€if€theÐ °# Ðaccusation€would€fail€standard€pre„search€reliability€testing.ðð€(òòId.óó€at€272.)€€The€CourtÐ °$  Ðreasoned€that€this€would€allow€wrongdoers€to€engage€in€harassment€of€other€individuals€byÐ °%!! Ðfalsely€asserting€that€they€were€carrying€firearms.€€(òòIbid.óó)€€Moreover,€there€is€no€logicalÐ °&"" Ðway€to€limit€any€such€public€policy€exception€merely€to€tips€involving€firearms;€anyÐ °'## Ðexception€would€quickly€be€expanded€to€drug„related€tips€and€beyond€to€any€tip€reportingÐ °($$ Ðdangerous€or€threatening€criminal€behavior.€€(òòId.óó€at€272„73.)Ð °)%% ÐÌà ½ àWhile€dismissing€the€stateððs€proffered€firearm€exception,€the€court€suggested€€thatÐ °+'' Ðunder€some€unique€circumstances,€serious€public€safety€concerns€might€overtake€the€strict€Ð ° Ðrequirement€of€reasonable€suspicion€before€conducting€a€stop„and„frisk:€ð ðThe€facts€of€thisÐ ° Ðcase€do€not€require€us€to€speculate€about€the€circumstances€under€which€the€danger€allegedÐ ° Ðin€an€anonymous€tip€might€be€so€great€as€to€justify€a€search€even€without€a€showing€ofÐ ° Ðreliability.ðð€(òòId.óó€at€273„74.)€€As€an€example,€the€court€cited€a€report€identifying€a€personÐ ° Ðcarrying€a€bomb.€€(òòIbid.óó)Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àJustice€Kennedyððs€concurring€opinion€in€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó€discusses€other€factors€thatÐ °  Ðmight€support€the€credibility€of€an€ð ðanonymousðð€informant,€permitting€officers€toÐ °  Ðlegitimately€rely€on€the€informantððs€tip€to€initiate€a€detention.€€Justice€Kennedy€reasonedÐ °  Ðthat€the€police€might€justifiably€rely€on€a€tip€when€the€informant€does€not€disclose€hisÐ °  Ðidentity€but,€nevertheless,€puts€his€anonymity€at€risk.€This€might€happen,€for€example,€ifÐ °  Ðthe€tipster€imparted€his€or€information€to€the€officer€in€person,€or€when€the€tipsterððs€phoneÐ °  Ðcall€was€recorded€and€traced€to€a€particular€phone,€residence,€or€location.€If€the€informantÐ °  Ðis€not€truly€anonymous,€he€or€she€may€be€held€accountable€for€the€information,Ð ° Ðdiscouraging€lies,€hoaxes€and€false€reports.€(òò€Florida€v.€J.L.,€supra.,€óó€at€275„76.)Ð ° ÐÌò òII.€à0 ½ àòòPeople€v.€Wellsóó€(2006)€38€Cal.4th€1078ó óа½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àIn€2006,€the€California€Supreme€Court€had€its€first€opportunity€to€interpret€andÐ ®þ Ðapply€the€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€in€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó€€In€òòPeople€v.€Wellsóó,€the€CaliforniaÐ ®þ Ðcourt€decided€to€read€the€rule€of€òòJ.L.óó€quite€narrowly.€Justice€Chin,€writing€for€a€majority€ofÐ ®þ Ðthe€court,€upheld€a€traffic€stop€based€on€an€anonymous€tip€reporting€drunk€driving€despiteÐ ®þ Ðthe€fact€that€the€officer€did€not€observe€the€allegedly€intoxicated€driver€make€any€riskyÐ ®þ Ðmaneuvers€or€violate€any€traffic€laws.€€(òòWellsóó,€òòsupraóó,€38€Cal.4th€at€1081.)Ð ®þ ÐÌà ½ àIn€òòWellsóó,€a€dispatch€report€was€communicated€to€a€California€Highway€PatrolÐ ®þ Ðofficer€in€the€early€morning€hours.€€(òòWells,€supraóó.,€at€1081.òòóó)€€The€tip€ð!ð€which€hadÐ ®þ Ðpresumably€been€relayed€in€an€anonymous€phone€call€ð!ð€€stated€that€the€subject€vehicle€wasÐ ® þ Ða€1980's€model€blue€van€headed€north€on€a€particular€freeway€only€one€exit€away€from€theÐ ®!þ Ðofficer,€and€that€the€vehicle€was€ð ðweaving€all€over€the€roadway.ðð€€(òòIbid.óó)€€Ð ®"þ ÐÌà ½ àUpon€hearing€this€report,€the€officer€waited€on€the€shoulder€of€the€freeway€until€heÐ ®$þ  Ðsaw€a€vehicle€matching€the€vanððs€description.€€The€officer€did€not€observe€the€driver€of€theÐ ®%þ ! Ðblue€van€engage€in€any€illegal€or€dangerous€activity,€including€ð ðweaving,€speeding,€orÐ ®&þ!" Ðotherwise€violating€any€traffic€laws€.€.€.€.ðð€(òò€Wells,€supra.,€óóat€1081òò.óó)€€€The€officerÐ ®'þ"# Ðimmediately€pulled€the€van€over€solely€because€the€van€matched€the€description€of€theÐ ®(þ#$ Ðsubject€vehicle.€€When€speaking€to€the€driver€(the€defendant),€the€officer€noticed€that€sheÐ ®)þ$% Ðhad€a€dry€mouth€and€constricted€pupils.€€Eventually€the€officer€determined€by€fieldÐ ®*þ%& Ðsobriety€tests€that€the€driver€was€under€the€influence€of€illegal€drugs€or€alcohol,€a€findingÐ ®+þ&' Ðlater€confirmed€by€urine€testing.€€(òòIbid.óó)Ð ° Ѐ€Ð ° Ðà ½ àThe€California€Supreme€Court€held€the€stop€was€permissible€ð ðunder€theÐ ° Ðcircumstances€in€this€case€[because€]€the€grave€risks€posed€by€an€intoxicated€highwayÐ ° Ðdriver€justified€the€minimal€intrusion€of€a€brief€investigatory€traffic€stop.ðð€€(òòId.óó€at€1082.)€€Ð ° ÐIt€did€not€matter€that€the€tipster€had€not€predicted€the€driverððs€future€actions,€and€that€theÐ °  Ðofficerððs€observations€of€the€driverððs€conduct€had€not€corroborated€the€tipsterððs€criminalÐ °  Ðallegation€ð!ð€i.e.€the€officer€had€not€seen€any€indication€of€drunk€driving€before€the€stop.Ð °  ЀÌà ½ àThe€California€Supreme€Court€first€distinguished€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó€on€the€grounds€thatÐ °  ÐòòJ.L.óó€involved€a€possessory€offense€(handgun€possession)€rather€than€driving€under€theÐ °  Ðinfluence.€€(òòWells,€supraóó.,€€at€1084.)€The€offense€of€drunk€driving€is€sufficiently€distinctÐ °  Ðfrom€a€possessory€offense€so€that€the€ð ðlack€of€ððpredictive€informationðððð€provided€by€the€tipÐ °  Ðis€not€€fatal€to€the€reasonableness€of€the€stop.€€Furthermore,€the€court€pointed€to€languageÐ °  Ðfrom€òòJ.L.óó€suggesting€that€exigent€circumstances€might€allow€a€search€even€though€theÐ ° Ðanonymous€tip€was€insufficiently€detailed€and€corroborated.€(òòIbid.óó)€€ð ðAn€informantððsÐ ° Ðaccurate€description€of€a€vehicle€and€its€location€provides€the€tip€with€greater€reliabilityÐ ° Ðthan€in€the€situation€of€a€concealed€firearm,€because€the€informant€was€presumably€anÐ ° Ðeyewitnesses€to€the€illegal€activity€and€his€tip€can€be€sufficiently€corroborated€by€theÐ ° Ðofficer€spotting€the€described€vehicle€in€the€expected€time€and€place.ðð€(òòId.óó€at€p.€1086.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àThe€majority€distinguished€òòFlorida€v.óó€òòJ.L.óó€for€four€main€reasons:€(1)€there€is€aÐ ° Ðgreater€public€safety€risk€created€by€drunk€driving€than€by€mere€gun€possession;€(2)€the€tipÐ ° Ðhere€was€more€reliable€than€the€tip€in€òòJ.L.óó€because€it€was€presumably€reportedÐ ° Ðcontemporaneously€to€witnessing€the€event;€(3)€a€traffic€stop€is€less€intrusive€than€a€stop„Ð ° Ðand„frisk€on€the€street€by€a€police€officer€(as€in€òòJ.L.óó)€because€one€has€a€lesser€expectationÐ ° Ðof€privacy€in€a€vehicle;€and€(4)€corroboration€of€innocent€details€added€to€the€reliability€ofÐ ° Ðthe€tip.€€Based€on€these€factors,€the€court€found€that€the€stop€of€the€driver„defendant€wasÐ ° Ðlegally€justified.€€(òòId.óó€at€1087„88.)Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àJustice€Werdegar€wrote€a€strong€dissent,€joined€by€Justices€Kennard€and€Moreno.Ð °" ÐFirst,€she€criticized€the€majorityððs€assertion€that€corroboration€of€an€anonymous€tipððsÐ °# Ðinnocent€details€can€provide€reasonable€suspicion.€€She€quoted€the€language€in€òòJ.L.óó€statingÐ °$  Ðthat€the€tip€must€be€ð ðreliable€in€its€assertion€of€illegality,€not€just€in€its€tendency€to€identifyÐ °%!! Ða€determinate€person.ðð€€Justice€Werdegar€also€disputed€the€majorityððs€reasoning€that€aÐ °&"" Ðdrunk€driving€offense€poses€greater€danger€than€gun€possession€by€a€young€male€€(òòWells,Ð °'## Ðsupra.,óó€at€1091.)€€Even€if€drunk€driving€does€create€a€greater€public€safety€risk,€JusticeÐ °($$ ÐWerdegar€argued€that€the€majority€misread€òòJ.L.óó€in€creating€a€system€where€ð ðwe€are€now€toÐ °)%% Ðrank€all€crimes€along€a€sliding€scale,€permitting€investigatory€detentions€on€lesserÐ °*&& Ðshowings€when€the€detainees€are€suspected€of€more€serious€crimes.ðð€€(òòIbid.óó)€ò òÐ °+'' ÐIII.€òòà0 ½ àPeople€v.€Dollyóó€(2007)€40€Cal.4th€458а½(#½(# Ðó óÌà ½ àAny€hope€that€the€California€Supreme€Courtððs€ruling€in€òòWellsóó€would€be€limited€toÐ ®þ Ðits€unique€facts€(allowing€traffic€stops€based€on€anonymous€tips€of€drunk€driving)€wasÐ ®þ Ðdashed€when€the€Court€published€its€subsequent€decision€in€òòPeople€v.€Dollyóó.€Ð ®þ ÐÌà ½ àIn€òòDollyóó,€an€anonymous€caller€to€the€911€line€reported€that€a€ð ðlight„skinnedÐ ® þ ÐAfrican„American€maleðð€with€a€bandage€on€his€left€hand€had€ð ðjust€pulled€a€gunðð€on€theÐ ® þ Ðcaller€and€was€threatening€him€with€the€firearm.€€The€caller€believed€the€subject€wasÐ ® þ Ðlocated€at€Jefferson€Blvd.€and€Ninth€Ave.,€and€stated€that€the€subject€was€driving€a€grayÐ ® þ  ÐNissan€Maxima.€(òòDolly,€supraóó.,òòóó€at€462.)€€Four€minutes€later,€the€tipster€again€called€911€toÐ ®þ  Ðcorrect€his€description€of€the€subjectððs€vehicleð!ðthe€Nissan€was€black,€not€gray.€€During€theÐ ®þ  Ðsecond€call,€the€tipster€identified€himself€as€ð ðDrewðð.€(òòIbid.óó)€Ð ®þ  ЀÌà ½ àA€short€time€after€receiving€the€911€call,€officers€responded€to€the€designatedÐ ®þ  Ðlocation.€€At€the€intersection€of€Jefferson€and€Ninth,€the€officers€saw€the€defendant€sittingÐ ®þ Ðin€the€driverððs€seat€of€a€black€Nissan€Maxima.€Matching€the€tipsterððs€physical€description,Ð ®þ Ðthe€defendant€had€a€cast€on€his€left€arm.€The€officers€asked€the€defendant€to€exit€the€car,€asÐ ®þ Ðwell€as€the€two€passengers.€€During€a€search€of€the€passenger€compartment€of€theÐ ®þ Ðdefendantððs€car,€the€officers€discovered€a€handgun€underneath€the€front€passenger€seat.€Ð ®þ ÐDefendant€admitted€possession€and€ownership€of€the€firearm€during€post„arrestÐ ®þ Ðinterrogation.€(òòDolly,€supra.,€óóat€462.)€€ò òÐ ®þ ÐÌó óà ½ àA€unanimous€court€found€the€stop€and€search€reasonable.€Justice€Baxter€wrote€theÐ ¬ü Ðmajority€opinion,€joined€by€Chief€Justice€George,€and€Justices€Chin€and€Corrigan.€JusticesÐ ¬ü ÐKennard€and€Werdegar€wrote€concurring€opinions,€the€latter€of€which€Justice€MorenoÐ ¬ü Ðjoined.€Ð ¬ü ЀÌà ½ àòòóóThe€majority€opinion€distinguished€òòFlorida€v.óó€òòJ.L.óó€on€a€number€of€grounds.€€First,Ð ¬ ü Ðthe€public€safety€interest,€ð ðan€important€factor€to€consider€in€assessing€the€requisite€levelÐ ¬!ü Ðof€reliabilityðð,€was€greater€in€the€present€case€than€in€òòJ.L.óó€because€the€tip€reported€a€currentÐ ¬"ü Ðthreat€of€gun€violence€and€actual€brandishing,€€as€opposed€to€mere€gun€possession.€€(òòId.óó€atÐ ¬#ü Ð465„466.)€€Second,€as€with€drunk€driving,€anonymous€tips€of€threatened€or€occurring€gunÐ ¬$ü  Ðviolence€are€unlikely€to€be€fabricated.€€Therefore,€just€as€in€òòWellsóó,€the€tip€could€be€deemedÐ ¬%ü ! Ðmore€reliable€than€the€tip€of€gun€possession€in€òòJ.L.€óó(Seeòò€Wellsóó,€òòsupraóó,€38€Cal.4th€1078.)òòóó€Ð ¬&ü!" Ðð ðIndeed,€the€call€here€bore€stronger€indicia€of€reliability€than€did€the€call€in€òòWellsóóðð€as€theÐ ¬'ü"# Ð911€call€was€recorded.€€(òòDollyóó,€òòsupraóó,€òòóóat€467.)€€Third,€the€police€could€infer€that€the€tipsterÐ ¬(ü#$ Ðhad€personal€knowledge€of€the€defendantððs€criminal€activity,€enhancing€the€reliability€ofÐ ¬)ü$% Ðthe€tip.€€(òòId.óó€at€468.)€€Finally,€the€tipster€put€forth€a€plausible€reason€for€desiring€to€remainÐ ¬*ü%& Ðanonymousð!ðfear€of€gang€retaliation.€€This€ð ðreduces€the€significance€of€his€anonymity€inÐ ¬+ü&' Ðanalyzing€the€reliability€of€his€report.ðð€€(òòId.óó€at€469.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àJustice€Kennardððs€concurring€opinion€found€the€majorityððs€analysis€unconvincing,Ð ° Ðalthough€she€agreed€with€the€result.€€Justice€Kennard€focused€her€analysis€on€the€tone€ofÐ ° Ðthe€voice€of€the€tipster,€the€tipsterððs€second€call€to€correct€his€earlier€description€of€theÐ ° Ðsubjectððs€car,€and€the€tipsterððs€plausible€reason€for€desired€anonymity.€€Based€on€thoseÐ °  Ðfactors,€she€reasoned€the€police€officers€had€reasonable€suspicion€to€detain€the€defendantÐ °  Ðbased€on€the€tip.€€(Dolly,€supra.,€€at€473„74.)€€Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àJustice€Kennard€criticized€the€majorityððs€focus€on€the€dangerousness€of€the€reportedÐ °  Ðcrime€that€is€the€subject€of€the€tip;€ð ð[t]he€degree€of€danger€posed€by€a€suspect€has€noÐ °  Ðlogical€relationship€to€the€reliability€of€the€information€provided.ðð€While€at€some€pointÐ °  Ðexigent€circumstances€might€justify€detaining€an€individual€without€any€reasonableÐ °  Ðsuspicion,€at€all€other€times,€a€lesser€amount€of€reasonable€suspicion€is€not€allowed€merely€Ð °  Ðbecause€the€level€of€danger€may€be€higher€than€in€òòJ.L.óó€€ð ðI€see€no€basis€for€the€majorityððsÐ ° Ðassertion€that€here€the€reliability€of€an€anonymous€telephone€call€can€be€determined€basedÐ ° Ðon€the€òòtype€of€crime€reportedóó.ðð€(òòId.óó€at€476.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àJustice€Werdegar€also€concurred,€distinguishing€between€this€case€and€òòWellsóóÐ ° Ðbecause€the€tipster€here€was€personally€threatened,€thereby€establishing€that€the€tipster€hadÐ ° Ðpersonal€knowledge€of€the€illegal€activity.€€This€was€consistent€with€her€view€of€theÐ ° Ðrequirements€of€òòJ.L.óó€as€stated€in€her€dissent€in€òòWellsóó.€€(òòId.óó€at€p.€477.)€€Ð ° ÐÌò òIV.€à0 ½ àòòAnalysis:€The€Implications€of€Wells€and€Dollyóóó óа½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àBy€narrowly€interpreting€the€United€States€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€in€òòFlorida€vÐ ®þ Ð.J.L.óó,€a€majority€of€€the€California€Supreme€Court€have€upheld€detentions€based€onÐ ®þ Ðanonymous€tips€even€though€the€tips€seemingly€suffered€the€same€deficiencies€as€the€tipÐ ®þ Ðheld€insufficient€in€òòJ.L.óó.€The€tips€at€issue€in€òòWellsóó€and€òòDollyóó€were€not€particularly€detailed,Ð ® þ Ðand€the€anonymous€callers€did€not€predict€the€subjectððs€future€actions.€Also,€in€bothÐ ®!þ ÐCalifornia€cases,€the€police€officersðð€observations€only€corroborated€innocent€details€of€theÐ ®"þ Ðtips€(e.g.€the€subjectððs€location€and€physical€description);€the€officers€did€not€corroborateÐ ®#þ Ðthe€tipstersðð€allegations€of€criminal€activity.€€In€upholding€stops€and€searches€based€onÐ ®$þ  Ðthese€seemingly€insufficient€anonymous€tips,€the€California€Supreme€Court,€in€òòDollyóó€andÐ ®%þ ! ÐòòWells,óó€focused€on€the€language€within€òòJ.L.óó€noting€the€possible€effect€of€public€safetyÐ ®&þ!" Ðconsiderations€on€the€anonymous€tip€analysis;€the€California€court€held€that€when€publicÐ ®'þ"# Ðsafety€is€threatened,€an€uncorroborated€and€less€detailed€tip€may€provided€reasonableÐ ®(þ#$ Ðsuspicion€for€a€detention.€€(See€òòWellsóó,€òòsupraóó,€at€1084;€òòDollyóó,€òòsupraóó,€at€464.)Ð ®)þ$% ÐÌà ½ àBeyond€that€focus,€a€number€of€recurrent€factors€come€up€in€the€CaliforniaÐ ®+þ&' ÐSupreme€Courtððs€analysis.€€First,€the€level€of€dangerousness€of€the€reported€crime€seems€toÐ ° Ðbe€a€critical€issue€for€the€court€in€distinguishing€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.,€óóand€in€allowing€detentionsÐ ° Ðbased€solely€on€anonymous€tips.€€In€òòWellsóó€the€court€emphasized€the€public€safety€hazardsÐ ° Ðof€drunk€driving€(òòWellsóó,€òòsupraóó,€at€1087),€while€in€òòDollyóó,€the€same€court€spoke€of€theÐ ° Ðdangerousness€of€threatened€gun€use€as€opposed€to€mere€gun€possession€(òòDollyóó,€òòsupraóó,€atÐ ° Ð465.).€€In€practice,€a€majority€of€the€California€Supreme€Court€may€have€limited€the€reachÐ °  Ðof€òòJ.L.óó€to€tips€reporting€mere€possessory€offenses€(see€òòWellsóó,òò€supraóó,€at€1084.)€It€appearsÐ °  Ðthat€the€California€court€has€adopted€a€ð ðdangerous€crime€exceptionðð€to€the€òòFlorida€v.óó€òòJ.L.óó€Ð °  Ðrule€similar€to€the€ð ðfirearm€exceptionðð€rejected€by€the€United€States€Supreme€Court.€And€ifÐ °  Ðthat€is€the€case,€where€will€the€California€trial€and€appellate€courts€draw€the€line€inÐ °  Ðdetermining€whether€the€crime€reported€by€the€anonymous€tipster€is€sufficiently€dangerousÐ °  Ðto€dispense€with€the€reliability€requirements€of€sufficient€detail€and€adequate€corroborationÐ °  Ðset€forth€in€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó?Ð °  ЀòòóóÐ °  Ðà ½ àSecondly,€in€reading€òòWellsóó€and€òòDollyóó,€it€is€evident€that€individual€members€of€theÐ ° ÐCalifornia€Supreme€Court€disagree€on€at€least€one€issue:€Does€òòFlorida€v.óó€òòJ.L.óó€requireÐ ° Ðpolice€corroboration€of€the€anonymous€tipsterððs€assertion€of€illegality,€or€can€the€officerÐ ° Ðrely€on€the€tip,€to€initiate€a€detention,€when€he€or€she€merely€corroborates€innocent€detailsÐ ° Ðð!ð€the€tipsterððs€description€of€the€subjectððs€clothing€or€the€make€and€color€of€the€reportedÐ ° Ðcar?€€(See€òòWellsóó,€òòsupraóó,€at€1088;€òòDollyóó,€òòsupraóó,€at€470„71.)€€The€majority€opinions€in€òòWellsóóÐ ° Ðand€òòDollyóó€hold€that€corroboration€of€these€innocent€details€establishes€the€tipsterððsÐ ° Ðreliability€and€supports€reasonable€suspicion.€€Other€Justices,€including€Justice€Werdegar,Ð ° Ðmaintain€that€òòJ.L.óó€requires€at€least€some€corroboration€of€the€alleged€illegal€activity€toÐ ° Ðestablish€reasonable€suspicion.€€Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àFinally,€òòWellsóó€and€òòDollyóó€reveal€an€unresolved€issue€within€anonymous€tipÐ ° Ðjurisprudence.€When€is€a€tip€truly€anonymous?€If€the€police€have€the€technical€ability€toÐ ° Ðascertain€the€anonymous€callerððs€identity€(e.g.€by€tracing€the€call€to€a€particular€phoneÐ ° Ðnumber€and€address),€is€the€tip€truly€anonymous?€After€all,€if€the€police€can€trace€the€callÐ °  Ðand€identify€the€caller,€then€he€or€she€could€conceivably€be€held€accountable€for€a€false€tip.Ð °! ÐBut€does€it€matter€if€the€caller€knows€his€or€her€call€can€be€traced?€If€the€caller€is€unawareÐ °" Ðof€this€technology€and€believes€he€or€she€can€remain€anonymous,€then€there€is€noÐ °# Ðdisincentive€to€fabrication.€€Ð °$  ÐÌÌò òV.à0 ½ àòòPeople€v.€Lindsey€óó(2007)ó ó€ò ò148€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€1390€[First€District,€Division€Four]ó óа'##½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àThe€California€Supreme€Court€filed€its€opinion€in€òòDollyóó€in€February€2007.€AboutÐ ´)%% Ðeight€weeks€later,€Division€Four€of€the€First€District€Court€of€Appeal€published€òòPeople€v.Ð ´*&& ÐLindsey,€óó€the€first€case€to€apply€the€reasoning€of€òòWellsóó€and€òòDollyóó€to€uphold€a€detentionÐ ´+'' Ðbased€on€an€anonymous€tip.€Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àIn€òòLindseyóó,€the€police€received€a€911€call€from€an€anonymous€female€stating€that€aÐ ° Ðshot€had€been€fired€outside€of€her€residence.€The€caller€described€the€suspect€as€a€BlackÐ ° Ðmale€with€small€ponytails.€€However,€she€admitted€that€she€had€not€actually€seen€theÐ ° Ðsuspect€fire€or€hold€a€gun.€The€police€were€able€to€trace€the€call€to€a€particular€residence,Ð °  Ðlocated€in€a€high„crime€area€of€Pittsburgh.€€An€officer€was€dispatched€to€the€callerððsÐ °  Ðresidence.€As€he€neared€the€residence,€about€five€minutes€after€receiving€the€dispatch€call,Ð °  Ðthe€officer€saw€the€defendant€walking€with€two€other€Black€men.€The€defendant€was€aÐ °  ÐBlack€male€with€small€ponytails,€matching€the€tipsterððs€description.€The€officer€observedÐ °  Ðthat€the€defendant€was€wearing€baggy€clothing€and€holding€up€his€pants€at€his€waist,Ð °  Ðindicating€to€the€officer€that€he€was€carrying€something€heavy€in€his€pocket€or€waistline.€Ð °  Ð(òòLindsey,€supra.óó,€148€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€at€1393.)Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àThe€officer€followed€the€defendant€and€his€companions€for€one€and€a€half€€blocks,Ð ° Ðwithout€observing€any€ð ðsuspicious€activity.ðð€€The€officer€did€note,€however,€thatÐ ° Ðdefendantððs€hand€did€not€leave€his€waistline€during€this€time€period.€€The€officer€thenÐ ° Ðstopped€the€defendant€and€initiated€a€pat€search€of€his€person,€finding€a€sock€containing€aÐ ° Ðfirearm€tied€to€the€defendantððs€waistband.€€(òòId.óó,€at€1393„1394.)€Another€police€officer€laterÐ ° Ðvisited€the€residence€that€the€911€call€had€been€traced€to,€discovering€that€the€tipster€didÐ ° Ðnot€want€to€be€involved.€However,€she€confirmed€the€substance€of€her€tip€and€her€identityÐ ° Ðas€the€informant.€(òòId.óó,€at€1394.)Ð ° Ѐ€Ð ° Ðà ½ àDetermining€that€the€anonymous€tip€provided€reasonable€suspicion€for€the€officerððsÐ ° Ðstop€and€frisk€of€the€defendant,€the€court€concluded€that€the€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€inÐ ° ÐòòDollyóó€ð ðdictates€the€result€in€this€case.ðð€(òòLindsey,€supra.óó,€at€1396.)€€The€court,€in€òòLindseyóó,€Ð ° Ðdistinguished€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó€and€analogized€the€factual€situation€in€the€present€case€toÐ ° ÐòòDollyððsóó€facts€on€a€number€of€grounds.€€First,€as€in€òòDollyóó,€the€defendant€in€the€present€caseÐ ° Ðreportedly€used€a€gun;€there€is€a€the€greater€public€safety€risk€in€òòusingóó€a€gun€rather€thanÐ °  Ðmerely€òòcarryingóó€a€gun.€€Second,€a€911€call€reporting€that€shots€were€fired€is€less€likely€toÐ °! Ðbe€fabricated€than€a€report€of€firearm€possession.€Third,€in€the€present€case,€the€911€callÐ °" Ðwas€recorded€and€traced€to€a€specific€residence,€whereas€nothing€was€known€orÐ °# Ðascertainable€about€the€informant€in€òòJ.Lóó..€Presuming€that€people€know€that€their€911€callsÐ °$  Ðcan€be€traced€by€the€police,€tips€conveyed€through€the€911€line€are€thus€more€reliable.€Ð °%!! ÐFourth,€in€the€present€case,€the€details€provided€by€the€tipster€(e.g.€ð ðthis€is€the€3rd€time€thisÐ °&"" Ðhas€happenedðð)€showed€that€she€was€familiar€with€the€defendant.€€Fifth,€as€in€òòDollyóó,€theÐ °'## Ðtipster€in€the€present€case€provided€a€contemporaneous€and€firsthand€description€of€theÐ °($$ Ðcrime€along€with€a€description€of€the€perpetrator.€Sixth,€the€police€corroborated€the€callerððsÐ °)%% Ðtip€because€the€defendant€matched€the€tipsterððs€physical€description€and€was€found€at€theÐ °*&& Ðdesignated€location.€Also,€he€was€seen€holding€a€heavy€object€in€his€waistband,€whichÐ °+'' Ðpermitted€the€officer€to€conclude€that€he€was€actually€armed.€€Finally,€the€high„crimeÐ ° Ðlocale€in€which€the€incident€occurred€provided€a€plausible€explanation€for€the€tipsterÐ ° Ðwanting€to€remain€anonymous.€(òòIdóó.,€at€1397„1401.)€Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àòòLindseyóó€illustrates€that€the€California€courts€may€interpret€the€holdings€in€òòWellsóó€andÐ ° ÐòòDollyóó€to€uphold€detentions€based€solely€on€anonymous€tips€ð!ð€even€if€those€tips€areÐ °  Ðundetailed€and€uncorroborated.€Following€the€lead€of€the€California€Supreme€Court,Ð °  ÐDivision€Four€views€the€United€States€Supreme€Courtððs€ruling€in€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó€asÐ °  Ðextremely€narrow.€€In€òòJ.L.óó,€the€Court€held€that€an€anonymous€tip€could€only€be€deemedÐ °  Ðreliable,€and€sufficient€to€establish€reasonable€suspicion€for€a€detention,€if€the€tipsterÐ °  Ðprovided€specific€and€predictive€details,€and€if€the€police€ð!ð€through€their€observations€„„Ð °  Ðcorroborated€the€allegations€of€criminal€activity.€Read€together,€òòWellsóó,€òòDollyóó,€and€òòLindseyóó,Ð °  Ðstrongly€suggest€that€the€òòJ.L.óó€requirements€only€apply€to€possessory€offenses€(e.g.€drug€orÐ °  Ðgun€possession),€and€that€the€requirements€do€not€apply€when€the€anonymous€caller€reportsÐ °  Ða€dangerous€offense.€And€yet€in€òòLindseyóó€itself,€the€evidence€of€gun€use,€as€opposed€toÐ ° Ðmere€possession,€was€very€weak.€The€caller€reported€that€a€shot€had€been€fired€in€herÐ ° Ðneighborhood,€but€she€had€not€actually€seen€the€described€suspect€hold€or€fire€a€gun.Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àMoreover,€òòLindseyóó€also€employed€the€argument€ð!ð€first€suggested€by€JusticeÐ ° ÐKennedy€in€his€concurring€opinion€in€òòJ.L.ó󀄄€that€because€the€police€have€the€technologicalÐ ° Ðability€to€€trace€911€calls,€the€tipster€is€putting€her€anonymity€at€risk,€therefore€making€theÐ ° Ðtip€more€reliable.€€Assuming€that€all€911€calls€could€be€traced,€this€would€seem€to€create€aÐ ° Ðpresumption€of€reliability€for€all€anonymous€911€tips.€But€does€it€matter€whether€theÐ ° Ðanonymous€caller€knows€that€her€911€call€can€be€traced€by€the€police,€so€that€they€canÐ ° Ðdetermine€her€identity€and€location?€If€the€tipster€does€not€know€this,€then€she€believes€sheÐ ° Ðcan€lie€without€consequences,€and€there€is€still€a€risk€of€fabrication€or€false€reports.Ð ° ÐÌò òVI.à0 ½ àòòPrevious€California€Court€of€Appeal€Casesóóó ó€òòò ò(After€Florida€v.€J.L.,€but€beforeÐ ° ÐWells€and€Dolly)ó óóóд ½(#½(# Ðà ½ àòòò òó óóóÌà ½ àIn€the€six€years€between€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.€óó(2000),€andòò€Wells€óó(2006),€there€were€fourÐ ®"þ Ðpublished€California€Court€of€Appeal€decisions€that€applied€the€òòJ.L.óó€ruling€and€rationale€toÐ ®#þ Ðeither€uphold€or€invalidate€detentions€based€on€anonymous€tips.€In€òòPeople€v.€CoulombeóóÐ ®$þ  Ð(2000)€86€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€52,€and€òòPeople€v.€Butleróó€(2003)€111€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€151,€the€courtsÐ ®%þ ! Ðfound€that€anonymous€tips€provided€reasonable€suspicion€for€police€actions.€In€òòPeople€v.Ð ®&þ!" ÐSaldanaóó€(2002)€101€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€170,€and€òòPeople€v.€Jordanóó€(2004)€121€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€544,Ð ®'þ"# Ðthe€courts€held€that€the€officers€did€not€have€the€right€to€stop€and€frisk€the€defendantsÐ ®(þ#$ Ðbased€on€anonymous€phone€calls.Ð ®)þ$% ÐÐ  ®*þ%& Ðò òòòA.€Cases€Upholding€Police€Conduct€Based€on€Anonymous€TipsÐ ° ÐÌóó1.à0 ½ àòòPeople€v.€Coulombeóó€(2000)€86€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€52€[First€District,€Division€Four]Фô½(#½(# Ðà0 ½ àHolding:€Two€anonymous€in„person€reports€stating€that€a€man€was€carrying€aÐ ¢ò Ðgun€at€a€crowded€celebration€justified€a€stop€and€friskó óРð½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àIn€this€case,€two€police€officers€were€patrolling€a€well„attended€New€Years€EveÐ ž î Ðcelebration€in€downtown€Santa€Rosa.€At€11:00€p.m.€two€separate€citizens€approached€theÐ ž î Ðofficers€approximately€within€five€to€ten€seconds.€Each€informant€pointed€toward€aÐ ž î Ðrestaurant€about€75€feet€away€and€indicated€that€a€man€wearing€a€white€cap€had€a€gun.Ð ž î  ÐNeither€citizen€provided€identifying€information€so€they€qualified€as€anonymousÐ žî  Ðinformants.€Ð žî  ÐÌà ½ àThree€police€officers€then€approached€the€restaurant€and€saw€the€defendant€whoÐ žî  Ðwas€wearing€a€white€cap€and€seated€in€a€wheelchair.€The€officers€simultaneouslyÐ žî  Ðapproached€the€defendant€from€separate€directions.€They€asked€the€defendant€if€he€had€aÐ žî Ðweapon€and€he€said€he€did€not.€The€defendant€was€pat„searched,€and€a€small€revolver€wasÐ žî Ðfound€in€his€pocket.€According€to€one€of€the€officers,€the€defendant€clutched€at€his€pocketÐ žî Ðwhen€asked€if€he€had€a€gun.€That€officer€then€put€his€hand€over€the€defendantððs€and€said€heÐ žî Ðwas€going€to€pat€search€him.€As€he€did€this,€the€officer€felt€a€hard€object.€This€was€prior€toÐ žî Ðthe€pat€search.Ð žî ÐÌà ½ àRelying€on€the€recently€decided€Supreme€Court€opinion€in€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.,€supra.óó,Ð žî Ð529€U.S.€at€266,€the€trial€court€had€found€that€the€two€anonymous€tips€alleging€gunÐ žî Ðpossession€did€not€justify€the€stop€and€frisk.€The€trial€court€granted€the€motion€to€suppress,Ð žî Ðand€the€prosecution€appealed.€The€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€ruling.Ð žî ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€distinguished€òòFlorida€v.€J.Lóó.,€and€concluded€that€the€two€tipsÐ žî Ðin€this€case€provided€the€requisite€reasonable€suspicion.€First,€in€the€present€case,€thereÐ ž î Ðwere€two€anonymous€tips,€not€one,€and€they€were€made€within€five€to€ten€seconds€of€eachÐ ž!î Ðother.€Second,€the€two€individuals€conveyed€their€information€to€the€police€in€personÐ ž"î Ðrather€than€over€the€phone.€Consequently,€the€officers€could€see€the€tipsters,€observe€theirÐ ž#î Ðdemeanor€and€evaluate€their€credibility.€Also,€by€approaching€the€officers,€they€subjectedÐ ž$î  Ðthemselves€to€scrutiny€and€risked€losing€their€anonymity.€Third,€the€danger€posed€by€theÐ ž%î ! Ðsuspectððs€gun€possession€was€increased€as€it€occurred€at€a€crowded€celebration€€rather€thanÐ ž&î!" Ðat€a€bus€stop.€Because€of€the€first€two€factors,€the€officers€could€assume€that€theÐ ž'î"# Ðinformation€conveyed€by€the€two€tipsters€was€sufficiently€reliable,€and€less€reliability€wasÐ ž(î#$ Ðrequired€because€of€the€dangers€inherent€in€the€circumstances.Ð ž)î$% ÐÐ  ž*î%& Ðò ò2.à0 ½ àòòPeople€v.€Butleróóó ó€ò ò(2003)€111€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€150€[Second€District,€Division€Five]ó óа½(#½(# Ðò òà0 ½ àHolding:€An€anonymous€callerððs€allegation€that€a€man€was€selling€drugs€out€ofÐ ´ Ða€car€was€corroborated€when€the€responding€officer€observed€a€hand„to„handÐ ² Ðtransaction;€thus,€the€detention€was€justifiedó óа½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àAt€6:30€p.m.,€a€police€officer€received€an€anonymous€tip€from€an€female€caller.€TheÐ ® þ Ðincoming€call€was€not€tape„recorded.€The€woman€refused€to€provide€her€telephone€numberÐ ® þ Ðor€address.€She€told€the€officer€that€a€man€in€a€gray€Ford€Explorer€was€parked€across€fromÐ ® þ Ða€specified€address.€It€appeared€to€her€that€the€man€was€selling€drugs.€The€officerÐ ® þ Ðconveyed€this€message€to€ð ðfield€unitsðð€over€the€computer.€Another€deputy€received€theÐ ® þ  Ðcomputer€transmission€indicating€that€there€was€narcotics€activity€occurring€in€front€of€theÐ ®þ  Ðspecified€address,€and€that€a€gray€Ford€Explorer€was€involved€in€the€drug€activity.€Ð ®þ  ÐÌà ½ àThe€deputy€drove€immediately€to€the€designated€address.€When€he€arrived,€he€saw€aÐ ®þ  Ðgray€Ford€Explorer€parked€in€the€street,€approximately€two€and€one„half€feet€from€theÐ ®þ  Ðcurb.€(Parking€more€than€18€inches€from€the€curb€constitutes€a€Vehicle€Code€violation.)Ð ®þ ÐThe€deputy€noticed€that€the€Explorerððs€engine€was€running€and€that€a€woman€was€standingÐ ®þ Ðoutside€the€driverððs€door.€The€deputy€observed€the€woman€and€the€car€driver,€theÐ ®þ Ðdefendant,€engage€in€a€hand„to„hand€transaction,€exchanging€items€that€he€could€not€see.Ð ®þ ÐBased€on€his€training€and€experience,€the€deputy€believed€he€had€witnessed€a€narcoticsÐ ®þ Ðtransaction.€He€then€drove€his€marked€patrol€car€behind€the€Explorer,€turned€on€hisÐ ®þ Ðflashing€lights,€and€contacted€the€driver,€initiating€a€detention.Ð ®þ ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€affirmed€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€denying€the€motion€toÐ ®þ Ðsuppress€evidence.€The€Court€distinguished€the€facts€of€this€case€from€those€of€òòFlorida€v.Ð ®þ ÐJ.L.,€supraóó.,€529€U.S.€at€266.€Most€importantly,€the€deputy€who€responded€to€the€dispatchÐ ®þ Ðdid€not€merely€corroborate€the€callerððs€description€of€the€suspect,€the€car€and€the€location.Ð ®þ ÐThe€deputy€also€corroborated€the€allegation€of€drug€dealing€when€he€saw€the€defendantÐ ®þ Ðand€the€woman€engage€in€a€hand„to„hand€transaction.€Thus,€the€detention€was€justified.Ð ® þ ÐÌò òòòB.ó ó€ò òCases€Invalidating€Police€Conduct€Based€on€Anonymous€TipsóóÐ ®"þ ÐÌ1.€à0 ½ àòòPeople€v.€Saldanaóó€(2002)€101€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€170€[Second€District,€Division€Four]à @Á" àó óЬ$ü ½(#½(# Ðò òà0 ½ àHolding:€An€uncorroborated€anonymous€phone€tip€stating€that€the€driver€of€aÐ ª%ú ! Ðdescribed€vehicle€was€carrying€a€gun€and€cocaine€did€not€provide€reasonableÐ ¨&ø!" Ðsuspicion€for€a€stop€and€frisk.ó óЦ'ö"#½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àIn€this€case,€the€anonymous€informant€called€from€a€pay€phone.€At€around€7:30€inÐ ¤)ô$% Ðthe€evening,€Deputy€Sheriff€Larson€received€a€phone€call€from€an€anonymous€tipsterÐ ¤*ô%& Ðstating€the€driver€of€a€gray€Ford€Taurus€station€wagon,€with€a€license€plate€number€endingÐ ¤+ô&' Ðin€ð ð319",€was€carrying€a€gun€and€a€kilo€of€cocaine.€The€caller€said€that€the€vehicle€wasÐ ° Ðcurrently€parked€in€the€lot€of€a€restaurant€at€the€intersection€of€San€Gabriel€and€Garvey€inÐ ° ÐRosemead.€Thirty€minutes€earlier,€the€same€report€had€been€called€in€from€the€same€payÐ ° Ðphone€to€the€San€Gabriel€Police€Department.€Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àDeputy€Larson€went€to€the€described€parking€lot,€arriving€about€ten€minutes€afterÐ °  Ðthe€second€call.€When€he€arrived,€he€found€the€described€car€ð!ð€a€Ford€Taurus€stationÐ °  Ðwagon€with€a€plate€number€ending€in€ð ð319".€The€deputy€called€in€the€entire€license€plateÐ °  Ðnumber€on€his€mobile€computer,€€and€learned€that€the€vehicle€was€registered€to€theÐ °  Ðdefendant,€Jose€Saldana,€at€a€particular€address.€He€also€received€information€that€anotherÐ °  Ðperson€at€that€address,€Bernardo€Ruiz€Moreno,€was€wanted€on€a€misdemeanor€warrant.Ð °  ÐThat€warrant€had€been€issued€almost€four€years€earlier,€but€it€was€still€outstanding.Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àDeputy€Larson€waited€about€an€hour€until€he€saw€the€defendant€exit€from€theÐ °  Ðrestaurant€and€enter€the€station€wagon.€Larson€called€for€assistance€and€when€the€back„upÐ ° Ðunits€arrived,€he€executed€a€stop€and€a€ð ðfelony€extractionðð;€this€involved€stopping€all€otherÐ ° Ðtraffic,€ordering€the€driver€out€of€the€vehicle€at€gunpoint,€ordering€him€to€throw€his€keys€inÐ ° Ðthe€air,€get€down,€and€submit€to€handcuffs.€Larson€used€this€procedure€because€of€theÐ ° Ðanonymous€report€that€the€driver€of€the€station€wagon€had€a€gun.€The€defendant€wasÐ ° Ðimmediately€frisked€for€weapons€and€none€were€found.€He€gave€his€name€as€ð ðJoseÐ ° ÐSaldanaðð€and€consented€to€a€search€of€the€station€wagon.€Inside€that€vehicle,€officersÐ ° Ðfound€a€trash€bag€containing€marijuana€and€some€methamphetamine.Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant€was€legally€detained€and€denied€the€motionÐ ° Ðto€suppress.€The€Court€of€Appeal€disagreed.€€The€Court€concluded€that€ð ðthis€case€is€likeÐ ° ÐòòFlorida€v.€J.L.óóðð.€The€police€received€an€anonymous€phone€tip€which€contained€ð ðno€internalÐ ° Ðindicia€of€the€basis€for€or€reliability€of€the€informantððs€informationðð.€The€tip€did€notÐ ° Ðinclude€any€predictive€details€that€could€be€corroborated€by€police€observation.€DeputyÐ ° ÐLarson€corroborated€the€description€and€location€of€the€vehicle,€but€did€not€corroborate€theÐ °  Ðcriminal€element€of€the€tip€that€the€station€wagon€contained€a€gun€or€cocaine.€Ð °! ÐÌà ½ àMoreover,€the€Court€held€that€the€discovery€of€the€outstanding€misdemeanorÐ °# Ðwarrant€for€Bernardo€Ruiz€Moreno€did€not€corroborate€the€allegation€that€the€driver€of€theÐ °$  Ðstation€wagon€possessed€a€gun€or€cocaine.€The€four„year€old€warrant€was€not€for€theÐ °%!! Ðregistered€owner€of€the€car€but€for€an€individual€with€a€different€name€who€had€happenedÐ °&"" Ðto€live€at€that€same€address€four€years€before.€Mr.€Moreno€was€described€as€being€28€yearsÐ °'## Ðold,€six€feet€three€inches€tall€and€170€pounds.€The€defendant,€Jose€Saldana,€was€in€his€mid„Ð °($$ Ðfifties€and€about€nine€inches€shorter€than€Mr.€Moreno.€Even€assuming€that€the€discovery€ofÐ °)%% Ðthe€warrant€provided€an€independent€ground€to€stop€the€defendantððs€vehicle€to€determine€ifÐ °*&& Ðthe€driver€could€possibly€be€Mr.€Moreno,€there€was€no€justification€for€the€felonyÐ °+'' Ðextraction€and€immediate€weapons€frisk€ð!ð€both€of€which€were€based€on€the€uncorroboratedÐ ° Ðtip€that€the€defendant€had€a€gun.Ð ° ÐÌò ò2.à0 ½ àòòPeople€v.€Jordanóó€(2004)€121€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€544€[Fifth€District]а½(#½(# Ðà0 ½ àHolding:€An€anonymous€911€tip€reporting€that€a€specifically€describedÐ ®þ Ðindividualó ó€ò òwas€carrying€a€gun€did€not€provide€reasonableó ó€ò òsuspicion€for€a€stopÐ ¬ ü Ðand€frisk€even€though€the€defendant€matched€the€tipsterððs€description€and€wasÐ °  Ðwearing€concealing€clothing.ó óЮ þ½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àIn€this€case,€the€anonymous€informantððs€911€call€to€the€police€was€recorded,Ð ¬ ü  Ðtranscribed€and€admitted€into€evidence€in€the€trial€court.€The€male€caller€stated€that€heÐ ¬ü  Ðneeded€the€police€for€an€emergency.€He€stated€that€there€was€a€man€ð ðup€on€Baker€andÐ ¬ü  ÐSumnerðð€who€had€a€gun.€He€described€the€man€as€ð ðBlack.€Light€skinnedðð€with€a€baldÐ ¬ü  Ðheard,€in€his€late€30's.€The€caller€said€he€was€wearing€a€black€jacket,€tan€pants,€a€whiteÐ ¬ü  Ðshirt,€and€red€boots.€When€asked€the€type€of€gun,€he€said€ð ðsmall,€like€a€.22,€.25"€WhenÐ ¬ü  Ðasked€where€the€man€kept€the€gun,€the€caller€responded:€ð ðuh,€in€his€left„no„right€pocketðð.Ð ¬ü ÐThe€caller€refused€to€leave€his€name,€and€there€was€no€indication€that€the€call€could€beÐ ¬ü Ðtraced.€Officers€were€dispatched€ð ðto€respond€to€a€subject€carrying€a€concealed€weapon,Ð ¬ü Ðpossible€at€Baker€and€Sumnerðð.€They€were€given€the€subjectððs€physical€description€andÐ ¬ü Ðtold€that€he€was€possibly€carrying€a€concealed€handgun€in€his€right€front€pocket.Ð ¬ü ÐÌà ½ àOfficer€Gerrity€responded€to€the€dispatch€and€arrived€at€the€designated€location,€aÐ ¬ü Ðpark,€less€than€one€minute€after€receiving€the€report.€As€he€walked€through€the€park,€heÐ ¬ü Ðsaw€the€defendant€sitting€on€a€bench.€The€defendantððs€appearance€and€clothing€matchedÐ ¬ü Ðthe€anonymous€callerððs€description.€There€were€six€to€ten€other€people€in€the€park,€andÐ ¬ü ÐOfficer€Gerrity€hid€behind€a€tree€and€observed€the€defendant€for€30€to€45€seconds.€DuringÐ ¬ü Ðthis€time,€the€defendant€did€not€engage€in€any€activity€suggestive€of€gun€possession€orÐ ¬ü Ðcriminal€activity.€He€merely€sat€on€the€bench€with€his€hands€in€his€lap.€Officer€Gerrity€thenÐ ¬ü Ðmade€eye€contact€with€the€defendant€and€called€him€over,€identifying€himself€as€police€andÐ ¬ ü Ðsaying€he€needed€to€speak€with€the€defendant.€He€directed€the€defendant€to€place€his€handsÐ ¬!ü Ðin€the€air€and€walk€backward€towards€him.€As€the€defendant€approached,€the€officerÐ ¬"ü Ðnoticed€that€he€was€wearing€concealing€clothing,€although€he€did€not€see€any€bulgesÐ ¬#ü Ðresembling€a€weapon.€Officer€Gerrity€pat„searched€the€defendant,€finding€a€small€caliberÐ ¬$ü  Ðpistol€in€his€jacket€pocket.Ð ¬%ü ! ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€finding€denying€the€motion€toÐ ¬'ü"# Ðsuppress.€After€a€lengthy€discussion€of€òòAlabama€v.€White,€supraóó.,€496€U.S.€at€325;€òòFloridaÐ ¬(ü#$ Ðv.€J.L.,€supraóó.,€529€U.S.€at€266,€and€the€above„discussed€California€Court€of€Appeal€casesÐ ¬)ü$% Ð(òòCoulumbe,€Butleróó€and€òòSaldanaóó),€the€Court€held€that€but€for€one€factor€ð!ð€i.e.€that€theÐ ¬*ü%& Ðanonymous€phone€tip€was€recorded€and€transcribed€ð!ð€the€facts€of€the€present€case€wereÐ ¬+ü&' Ðindistinguishable€from€those€of€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó.€Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àIn€the€present€case,€as€in€òòJ.L.óó,€the€anonymous€phone€caller€reported€that€anÐ ° Ðindividual€possessed€a€gun.€However,€the€caller€did€not€provide€any€predictive€details,€andÐ ° Ðhe€did€not€explain€how€he€knew€the€subject€had€a€gun€nor€when€he€acquired€thisÐ ° Ðinformation.€The€caller€in€this€case€provided€more€details€regarding€the€subjectððsÐ °  Ðappearance€and€clothing,€and€the€police€officer€confirmed€those€details€when€he€arrived€atÐ °  Ðthe€designated€location€minutes€after€receiving€the€radio€transmission.€However,€theÐ °  Ðofficer€did€not€observe€anything€about€the€subjectððs€conduct€or€appearance€thatÐ °  Ðcorroborated€the€allegation€that€he€was€armed€with€a€concealed€weapon€ð!ð€no€threatening,Ð °  Ðaggressive€€or€unusual€movements,€no€visible€bulges.€Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àThe€fact€that€the€911€call€was€recorded€detracted€from€ð ðany€possibility€that€the€tipÐ °  Ðwas€the€result€of€police€fabricationðð.€However,€the€caller€expressly€declined€to€leave€hisÐ °  Ðname,€and€there€was€no€evidence€that€the€police€could€identify€his€voice€or€trace€the€call€soÐ ° Ðthat€he€might€be€held€accountable€for€a€false€report.€€The€caller€did€nothing€to€put€hisÐ ° Ðanonymity€at€risk€and€nothing€in€the€record€indicated€that€he€knew€he€faced€potentialÐ ° Ðconsequences€for€making€a€false€report.Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€rejected€the€prosecutionððs€argument€that€this€case€fell€within€aÐ ° Ðð ðpublic€safety€exceptionðð€which€€would€allow€the€police€to€respond€to€an€anonymous€tipÐ ° Ðwith€less€indicia€of€reliability.€The€Court€noted€that€the€United€States€Supreme€Court,€inÐ ° ÐòòFlorida€v.€J.L.,€supraóó.,€at€272,€had€rejected€a€proposed€ð ðfirearm€exceptionðð€This€case€didÐ ° Ðnot€warrant€different€treatment€just€because€there€were€six€to€ten€people€near€the€defendantÐ ° Ðin€the€park.Ð ° ÐÌÓ  Óà @½ àà @ àà @m àà @Å àà @ à***************Ð ° ÐÓ³ÉÓÌà ½ àò òAre€òòSaldanaóó€and€òòJordanóó€still€good€law€after€òòPeople€v.€Wellsóó€and€òòPeople€v.Ð °  ÐDollyóó?ó ó€May€they€be€cited€and€relied€upon€by€defense€advocates€challenging€detentions€andÐ ®!þ Ðpat„searches€based€on€anonymous€tips?€We€believe€the€answer€is€yes,€with€someÐ ²" Ðqualifications.€Ð ²# ÐÌà ½ àThat€facts€of€òòSaldanaóó€and€òòJordanóó€are€distinguishable€from€òòDollyóó€and€òòWellsóó€inÐ ²%!! Ðimportant€respects.€In€both€Court€of€Appeal€cases,€as€in€òòJ.L.óó,€the€anonymous€informantÐ ²&"" Ðphoned€in€a€tip€reporting€firearm€possession,€not€shooting,€brandishing€or€threatened€useÐ ²'## Ðof€a€gun€or€other€weapon.€In€both€cases,€the€callers€were€strictly€anonymous€and€there€wasÐ ²($$ Ðno€indication€that€the€tipstersðð€phone€calls€were€traceable,€or€that€the€police€had€any€otherÐ ²)%% Ðmeans€of€discovering€the€callersðð€identity.€Most€importantly,€in€both€òòSaldanaóó€and€òòJordanóó,Ð ²*&& Ðthe€officers€dispatched€to€the€designated€locations€found€individuals€who€matched€theÐ ²+'' Ðanonymous€callersðð€physical€descriptions.€However,€nothing€about€the€individualsððÐ ° Ðappearance€or€conduct€corroborated€the€informantsðð€allegations€of€gun€or€drug€possession.Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àIndeed,€the€California€Supreme€Court,€in€òòDollyóó€and€òòWellsóó,€acknowledged€andÐ ° Ðdistinguished€both€òòJordanóó€and€òòSaldanaóó.€The€Court€emphasized€that€in€these€Court€ofÐ ° ÐAppeal€cases,€the€anonymous€callers€had€alleged€mere€possession€of€concealed€weapons.Ð °  ÐMere€weapons€possession,€without€more,€does€not€present€an€emergency€situationÐ °  Ðinvolving€an€immediate€danger€to€human€life.€(òòDolly,€supraóó.,€40€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€p.466;€see€alsoÐ °  ÐòòWells,€supraóó.,€38€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€€p.1084.)€Moreover,€the€Supreme€Court€additional€noted€that€inÐ °  ÐòòJordanóó,€the€caller€did€not€reveal€how€he€knew€that€the€subject€was€carrying€a€concealedÐ °  Ðweapon.€The€tipster€did€not€say€whether€he€had€personally€seen€the€gun€or€inferred€itsÐ °  Ðpresence€from€other€facts€or€from€reputation.€(òòDolly,€supra.óó,€at€p.€470,€n.€4.)Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àIn€òòLindseyóó,€the€Court€of€Appeal€(First€District,€Division€Four)€concluded€thatÐ °  ÐòòJordanóó€was€factually€distinguishable.€In€òòJordanóó,€there€was€no€indication€that€the€policeÐ ° Ðofficers€could€trace€the€anonymous€911€call€or€otherwise€identify€the€caller.€In€contrast,€inÐ ° ÐòòLindseyóó,€the€police€were€able€to€trace€the€call,€ascertain€the€residence€from€which€it€hadÐ ° Ðbeen€made,€and€even€talk€to€the€individual€who€had€placed€the€call.€(òòLindsey,€supraóó.,€148Ð ° ÐCal.€App.€4òòthóó,€at€pp.€1398„1399.)€However,€the€Court€also€commented€that€ð ðòòJordanóó€wasÐ ° Ðdecided€before€òòDollyóó,€and€without€the€benefit€of€our€Supreme€Courtððs€analysis€thereðð.Ð ° Ð(òòLindsey,€supraóó.,€at€1398.)Ð ° ÐÌÌò òVII.à0 ½ àòò2009€Update:€Cases€Decided€between€May€2007€and€November€2009óóó óà … àа½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àIn€the€two€years€and€one„half€years€since€these€materials€were€written,€there€haveÐ ®þ Ðbeen€at€least€five€cases,€only€one€of€which€is€published,€€upholdingòò€óódetentions€and€frisksÐ ®þ Ðbased€on€anonymous€tips,€even€though€the€officers€corroborated€only€innocent€details€ð!ð€i.e.Ð ®þ Ðthe€tipsterððs€description€of€the€suspectððs€appearance,€his€location€or€his€vehicle.€Generally,Ð ® þ Ðthe€California€appellate€courts€have€upheld€detentions€based€on€anonymous€tips€when€oneÐ ®!þ Ðof€more€of€the€following€factors€are€present:€Ð ®"þ ÐÌà0 ½ à1)The€police€have€the€means€to€trace€the€anonymous€call€or€to€identify€the€tipster.Ð ®$þ  Ð2)The€anonymous€caller€reports€criminal€activity€threatening€public€safety.€Ð®%þ !½(#½(# Ðà0 ½ àà0 ½(#½(#àà ½ à3)The€anonymous€tipster€states€or€implies€that€his/her€information€is€based€on€first„Ð ®&þ!" Ðhand€observations€made€at€the€time€of€the€alleged€crime€or€immediatelyÐ ®'þ"# Ðthereafter.€Ð®(þ#$ (# (# Ðà0 ½ àà0 ½(#½(#àà ½ à4)The€tipster€describes€the€suspect€and/or€criminal€activity€in€considerable€detail.€Ð®)þ$% (# (# Ðà ½ à5)The€tipster€gives€a€reasonable€explanation€for€remaining€anonymous.€Ð ®*þ%& ÐÐ ®+þ&' Ðà ½ àIn€this€update,€we€discuss€five€California€cases€(one€published€and€fourÐ ° Ðunpublished)€that€have€relied€on€òòPeople€v.€Dolly€óó(2007)€40€Cal.€4òòthóó€458€andòò€People€v.Ð ° ÐWells€óó(2006)€38€Cal.€4òòthóó€1078€to€validate€police€officersðð€actions€based€on€anonymous€tips.Ð ° ÐIn€the€same€time€period,€we€found€three€opinions,€all€unpublished,€which€have€invalidatedÐ ° Ðpolice€conduct€based€on€uncorroborated€anonymous€tips.Ð ° ÐÌòòò òA.€à0 ½ àUnpublished€California€Cases€Invalidating€Police€Conduct€Based€on€AnonymousÐ °  ÐTips€after€Dolly€and€Wellsó óóóЪ ú½(#½(# ÐÌò ò1.à0 ½ àòòIn€re€Douglas€F.€óó(2007)€2007€WL€1830818€[Second€District,€Division€Two]ó óФ ô ½(#½(# Ðà0 ½ àà e à€€€€€€€€€€€ò òHolding:€An€undetailed€and€uncorroborated€anonymous€tip€did€not€provideÐ ¢ò  Ðreasonable€suspicion€for€the€minorððs€detention€and€pat€searchó ó.Цö ½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àIn€this€case,€there€were€actually€two€tips€ð!ð€one€from€an€unknown€source€and€theÐ ªú  Ðsecond€from€an€anonymous€informant.€First,€police€officers€responded€to€a€dispatch€callÐ ªú  Ðstating€that€ð ðsix€Black€malesðð€had€engaged€in€a€physical€fight€in€the€Big€Lots€parking€lotÐ ªú Ðon€Rosecrans€Avenue.€The€dispatcher€indicated€that€the€suspects€had€left€the€parking€lotÐ ªú Ðand€were€running€west€on€Rosecrans.€No€further€details€were€provided.€An€unknownÐ ªú Ðinformant€presumably€provided€this€information,€However,€since€neither€the€dispatcherÐ ªú Ðnor€the€police€official€who€had€received€the€information€testified€at€the€suppressionÐ ªú Ðhearing,€the€court€had€no€means€of€assessing€the€informantððs€credibility.€Ð ªú ÐÌà ½ àOfficer€Heitmeyer€arrived€at€the€scene€and€spoke€with€three€Black€males,€ð ðpossibleÐ ªú Ðwitnessesðð,€one€of€whom€was€the€minor,€Douglas€F..€After€speaking€with€them,€HeitmeyerÐ ªú Ðwalked€away;€he€did€not€detain€them.€Heitmeyer€was€then€approached€by€an€anonymousÐ ªú Ðindividual€who€provided€the€second€tip;€he€stated€that€one€of€these€three€witnesses€had€aÐ ªú Ðgun.€No€further€description€or€details€were€provided,€and€the€informant€left€withoutÐ ªú Ðidentifying€himself€as€he€did€not€want€to€get€involved.€Ð ªú ÐÌà ½ àIn€the€meantime,€Officer€Villanueva€spotted€the€three€Black€males€ð!ð€the€minor€andÐ ª!ú Ðthe€two€other€witnesses€„„€walking€down€Crenshaw€Boulevard.€He€did€not€know€thatÐ ª"ú ÐOfficer€Heitmeyer€had€talked€to€them.€Because€they€matched€the€description€of€theÐ ª#ú Ðindividuals€who€had€been€fighting€in€the€Big€Lots€parking€lot,€Villanueva€detained€them.Ð ª$ú  ÐOfficer€Heitmeyer€then€arrived€at€the€location€of€the€detention€and€told€Villanueva€that€oneÐ ª%ú ! Ðof€the€subjects€had€a€gun.€Before€commencing€an€intended€pat€search,€Heitmeyer€asked€theÐ ª&ú!" Ðminor€if€he€had€any€weapons,€and€he€admitted€that€he€did.€Heitmeyer€removed€an€unloadedÐ ª'ú"# ÐBB€gun€from€the€minorððs€waistband€and€BB€pellets€from€his€pocket.Ð ª(ú#$ ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€motion€to€suppressÐ ª*ú%& Ðevidence.€The€Court€held€that€the€circumstances€known€to€Officer€Villanueva,€when€heÐ ª+ú&' Ðstopped€the€minor€on€Crenshaw€Boulevard,€did€support€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€theÐ ° Ðminor€was€engaged€in€criminal€activity.€Dispatch€had€reported€six€Black€males€runningÐ ° Ðwest€on€Rosecrans€Avenue;€no€further€descriptive€details€were€provided.€VillanuevaÐ ° Ðstopped€three€Black€males,€including€the€minor,€who€were€walking€down€CrenshawÐ ° ÐBoulevard.€They€were€not€doing€anything€suspicious.€The€Court€concluded€that€the€minorÐ ° Ðwas€stopped€solely€because€of€his€race€and€gender,€insufficient€bases€for€doing€so.Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€next€considered€whether€the€addition€of€the€anonymous€tip€that€one€ofÐ °  Ðthe€three€Black€males€had€a€gun€established€reasonable€suspicion€for€a€detention€and€frisk.Ð °  ÐThe€Court€held€that€it€did€not.€First,€even€though€the€individual€conveyed€the€tip€in„personÐ °  Ð(rather€than€on€the€phone),€he€qualified€as€an€anonymous€informant€rather€than€a€citizenÐ °  Ðinformant.€The€police€had€not€secured€sufficient€facts€about€the€informant€ð ðto€allow€thatÐ °  Ðperson€to€be€called€to€account€for€the€informationðð€if€it€turned€out€to€be€false.€As€inÐ °  ÐòòFlorida€v.€J.L.€óó(200)€529€U.S.€266,€,€the€tipster€did€not€explain€how€he€knew€that€one€ofÐ °  Ðthe€men€had€a€gun.€There€was€even€less€reason€for€believing€this€tip€than€there€was€in€òòJ.Lóó.,Ð ° Ðas€the€informant€did€not€specify€which€of€the€three€men€was€armed.€Finally,€the€allegationÐ ° Ðof€gun€possession€was€not€corroborated€by€the€officersðð€observations€of€the€minorððsÐ ° Ðappearance€or€demeanor.Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€analogized€the€facts€of€this€case€to€those€of€òòPeople€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Jordan,€supra.,€Ð ° Ðóó121€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€at€544€(uncorroborated€anonymous€911€tip€of€gun€possession€does€notÐ ° Ðjustify€a€stop€and€frisk),€and€distinguished€the€facts€of€òòPeople€v.€Coulumbe,€supra.,óó86€Cal.Ð ° ÐApp.€4òòthóó€at€52€(two€independent€tips€of€concealed€gun€possession€were€corroborated€by€theÐ ° Ðofficerððs€observation€of€the€suspect€clutching€his€pants).€The€Court€distinguishedòò€Dolly,Ð ° Ðsupra.,€óó40€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€458,€as€the€informant€in€the€present€case€provided€an€insufficientÐ ° Ðdescription€of€the€suspect€and€alleged€mere€gun€possession,€not€gun€use.Ð ° ÐÌò ò2.à0 ½ àòòFredrickson€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2008)€2008€WL€589860€[Fifth€District]а½(#½(# Ðà0 ½ àHolding:€An€uncorroborated€anonymous€tip€did€not€justify€entry€into€theÐ ® þ Ðhome€under€the€emergency€aid€exceptionó ó.Ь!ü½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àThe€police€dispatcher€testified€that€she€received€a€call€on€a€business€line€rather€thanÐ °# Ðon€the€911€line;€thus,€there€was€no€caller€ID€or€indication€where€the€call€was€coming€from.Ð °$  ÐThe€unidentified€male€caller€suggested€that€a€police€officer€be€sent€to€419€23òòrdóó€StreetÐ °%!! Ðbecause€ð ðI€heard€someone€like€theyððre€getting€beatðð.€When€the€dispatcher€tried€to€ask€if€theÐ °&"" Ðaddress€was€on€East€or€West€23òòrdóó€Street,€the€caller€hung€up.€After€ascertaining€that€theÐ °'## Ðpolice€had€prior€contacts€at€419€West€23òòrdóó,€and€that€there€was€no€419€East€23òòrdóó,€theÐ °($$ Ðdispatcher€directed€officers€to€419€West€23òòrdóó€because€of€a€reported€ð ðfightðð.Ð °)%% ÐÌà ½ àTwo€officers€arrived€at€this€address€less€than€two€minutes€after€the€dispatcher€Ô_ÔhadÐ °+'' Ðreceived€the€call.€On€arrival,€the€officers€found€the€residenceððs€front€door€open€and€aÐ ° Ðbicycle€out€in€the€front€yard.€One€officer€walked€up€to€the€front€door€and€announced€hisÐ ° Ðpresence.€The€female€defendant€came€to€the€door€of€the€only€bedroom€in€the€house.€TheÐ ° Ðofficer€told€her€that€they€were€there€to€respond€to€a€male€callerððs€report€of€a€possibleÐ ° Ðassault€at€419€23òòrdóó€Street.€He€asked€if€he€could€enter€the€house€to€make€sure€everythingÐ ° Ðwas€okay.€The€defendant€refused€consent,€stating€that€she€was€the€only€person€there.€TheÐ °  Ðofficer€said€they€were€going€to€enter€the€home€anyway€to€perform€a€protective€sweep.€AsÐ °  Ðone€officer€swept€the€kitchen,€the€defendant€went€back€into€the€bedroom.€When€the€officerÐ °  Ðentered€that€bedroom,€he€saw€the€defendant€grabbing€items€off€a€nearby€table€and€trying€toÐ °  Ðempty€a€plastic€bindle.€He€observed€a€suspected€drug€pipe€on€the€table.Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àThe€trial€court€had€denied€the€motion€to€suppress€the€drugs€and€paraphernaliaÐ °  Ðsubsequently€seized€from€the€home.€The€court€found€that€the€dispatcher€acted€reasonablyÐ °  Ðwhen€she€sent€the€officers€to€419€West€23òòrdóó€Street.€Based€on€the€report€of€a€possible€fightÐ °  Ðand€the€defendantððs€refusal€to€consent€to€the€officersðð€entry,€the€officers€were€justified€inÐ ° Ðentering€the€home€to€search€for€possible€victims€under€the€ð ðemergency€aidðð€exception€toÐ ° Ðthe€warrant€requirement.€(See€òòPeople€v.€Rayóó€(1999)€21€Cal.€4òòthóó€464)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€disagreed.€To€enter€a€home€without€a€warrant€pursuant€to€theÐ ° Ðemergency€aid€exception,€the€officers€must€reasonably€believe€that€there€is€a€person€insideÐ ° Ðwho€is€in€distress€and€needs€assistance.€They€are€looking€for€possible€victims,€not€criminalÐ ° Ðsuspects.€The€prosecution€did€not€meet€its€burden€of€proving€that€the€entry€and€ensuingÐ ° Ðsearch€were€reasonable€under€this€exception.Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àDistinguishing€òòDolly,óó€òòsupraóó.,€40€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€458,€€the€Court€stressed€that€theÐ ° Ðanonymous€tip€reporting€a€fight€was€not€recorded€and€could€not€be€traced.€Once€theÐ ° Ðofficers€arrived€at€the€address,€they€heard€and€saw€nothing€to€corroborate€the€callerððsÐ ° Ðallegation€ð!ð€no€moans,€cries€for€help,€blood,€weapons,€or€evidence€of€a€struggle.€TheÐ ° Ðdefendant€did€not€appear€distraught,€bruised€or€cut,€and€nothing€contradicted€her€claim€thatÐ °  Ðshe€was€the€only€person€home€and€had€not€been€assaulted.Ð °! ÐÌà ½ àJustice€Levy€filed€a€dissenting€opinion€in€this€unpublished€case,€stating€his€beliefÐ °# Ðthat€the€officersðð€entry€into€the€home,€pursuant€to€the€emergency€aid€exception,€was€lawful.Ð °$  ÐAnalogizing€to€òòDolly,€supra.,€óó€Justice€Levy€noted€that€ð ðthe€caller€was€reporting€a€situationÐ °%!! Ð[an€assault]€that€required€immediate€police€interventionðð.Ð °&"" ÐÌò òÐ  °($$ Ð3.€à0 ½ àòòPeople€v.€Smith€óó(2009)€2009€WL€2028384€[Third€District]ó óа½(#½(# Ðà0 ½ àò òHolding:€An€uncorroborated€anonymous€tip€that€did€not€clearly€allegeÐ ®þ Ðcriminal€activity€did€not€justify€the€detentionó óЬü½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àAt€around€12:50€a.m.,€an€anonymous€informant€called€911€and€reported€that€anÐ ªú Ðindividual€was€ð ðacting€suspiciouslyðð€around€a€Ford€Mustang€that€was€parked€in€the€lot€forÐ ª ú Ðan€open€nightclub€and€24„hour€fitness€center.€The€caller€said€the€individual€was€reachingÐ ª ú Ðaround€the€wheel€well,€reaching€into€a€side€window,€getting€into€the€vehicle,€and€slumpingÐ ª ú Ðdown€near€the€steering€column.€The€tipster€provided€the€Mustangððs€license€plate€numberÐ ª ú Ðand€described€the€suspicious€individual€as€an€African„American€male€wearing€a€back€capÐ ª ú  Ðand€glasses.€The€dispatcher€broadcast€this€information€on€the€police€radio,€and€OfficersÐ ªú  ÐTerry€and€Jones€responded€to€the€designated€location.€Based€on€the€report,€the€officersÐ ªú  Ðbelieved€the€described€individual€might€be€trying€to€steal€the€Mustang.Ð ªú  ÐÌà ½ àWhen€the€two€officers€arrived€at€the€parking€lot€about€four€minutes€after€hearingÐ ªú  Ðthe€dispatch€report,€they€noticed€that€the€lot€was€populated€by€people€and€cars,€but€thereÐ ªú Ðwere€only€a€couple€of€cars€parked€in€the€same€aisle€as€the€Mustang.€Mr.€Choi€was€in€theÐ ªú ÐMustangððs€passenger€seat€and€the€defendant€was€in€the€driverððs€seat.€The€officers€pulled€inÐ ªú Ðbehind€the€Mustang€and€activated€the€patrol€carððs€spotlights.€Officers€Terry€and€JonesÐ ªú Ðexited€and€approached€the€Mustang€from€both€sides.€As€Mr.€Choi€emerged€from€theÐ ªú Ðpassenger€seat,€the€officers€drew€their€guns€and€ordered€Mr.€Choi€to€put€his€hands€up.€HeÐ ªú Ðcomplied€and€was€handcuffed€and€searched.€After€Mr.€Choi€got€out€of€the€car,€OfficerÐ ªú ÐTerry€smelled€the€odor€of€fresh€green€marijuana€emanating€from€inside€the€vehicle.Ð ªú ÐÌà ½ àOfficer€Terry€focused€on€the€defendant€who€was€still€sitting€in€the€driverððs€seat.€HeÐ ªú Ðordered€the€defendant€to€exit€from€the€vehicle.€The€defendant€complied€and€wasÐ ªú Ðhandcuffed€and€pat„searched€for€weapons.€The€officer€seized€a€small€amount€of€marijuanaÐ ªú Ðfrom€the€defendantððs€right€front€pocket.€The€defendant€claimed€that€he€was€in€the€processÐ ªú Ðof€buying€the€Mustang€and€that€the€paperwork€was€inside€the€vehicle.€Subsequently,€theÐ ª ú Ðofficers€found€some€suspected€cocaine€near€the€Mustangððs€wheel€well,€and€a€half€tab€ofÐ ª!ú Ðecstasy€inside€the€car.€They€also€found€paperwork€indicating€that€the€Mustang€was€indeedÐ ª"ú Ðin€the€process€of€being€sold.Ð ª#ú ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€motion€to€suppress.€TheÐ ª%ú ! ÐCourt€concluded€that€the€defendant€was€detained€at€the€moment€when€the€two€officersÐ ª&ú!" Ðtrained€their€weapons€on€the€emerging€passenger,€Mr.€Choi,€€and€ordered€him€to€put€hisÐ ª'ú"# Ðhands€up.€This€occurred€before€the€officers€smelled€the€odor€of€fresh€marijuana,€so€theÐ ª(ú#$ Ðissue€was€whether€the€anonymous€phone€tip€provided€reasonable€suspicion€for€theÐ ª)ú$% Ðdefendantððs€detention.Ð ª*ú%& ÐÐ ª+ú&' Ðà ½ àAnalogizing€to€òòFlorida€v.€J.Lóó.,€òòsupra.óó,€529€U.S.€at€266,€the€Court€held€that€theÐ ° Ðphone€tip€in€the€instant€case€provided€no€predictive€information€relating€to€the€allegedÐ ° Ðcriminal€activities,€and€thus€left€the€police€without€means€to€test€the€informantððsÐ ° Ðcredibility.€Moreover,€when€the€police€arrived€at€the€parking€lot,€within€minutes€after€theÐ ° ÐÔ_Ôcall€was€received,€they€did€not€see€the€defendant€engaging€in€any€activity€reasonablyÐ ° Ðsuggesting€that€he€was€involved€in€auto€theft€or€any€other€crime.€The€police€onlyÐ °  Ðcorroborated€the€anonymous€callerððs€description€of€the€vehicle€and€its€location.Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€distinguished€the€facts€ofòò€Wells,€supra.,€óó38€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€1078€and€òòDolly,Ð °  Ðsupra.,€óó40€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€458.€The€anonymous€tipster€did€not€provide€a€first„hand€€report€of€aÐ °  Ðcrime€posing€a€grave€and€immediate€threat€to€public€safety.€Indeed,€the€caller€did€not€evenÐ °  Ðreport€a€crime€but€merely€described€activity€that€may€not€have€been€criminal€in€nature.Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àFocusing€on€cases€decided€by€the€California€Court€of€Appeal,€the€Court€analogizedÐ °  Ðthis€case€to€òòPeople€v.€€Jordanóó,€òòsupra.óó,€121€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€at€544,€while€distinguishingÐ ° ÐòòPeople€v.€Butleróó€(2003)€111€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€150€and€òòPeople€v.€Lindsey€(óó2007)€148€Cal.€App.Ð ° Ð4òòthóó€1390,€because€the€police€did€not€observe€any€conduct€corroborating€the€anonymousÐ ° Ðcallerððs€assertion€of€illegality€€when€they€arrived€at€the€parking€lot.Ð ° ÐÌÒe°Òòòò òB.à0 ½ àPublished€California€Court€of€Appeal€Cases€Upholding€Detentions€Based€onÐ ° ÐAnonymous€Tips€after€Dolly€and€WellsЪú½s#½s# ÐÌ1.à0 ½ à€In€re€Richard€G.€óó(2009)€173€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€1252€[Second€District,€Division€Six]€Ðžî½s#½s# Ðà0 ½ àHolding:€Anonymous€telephone€tip€reporting€a€disturbance€outside€of€aÐ œì Ðresidence€involving€a€firearm€justifies€a€stop€and€frisk.Кê½s#½s# ÐÌà ½ àó óThis€case€joins€òòPeople€v.€Lindsey,€supraóó.,€148€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€at€1390€(discussedÐ –æ Ðabove),€as€the€only€two€published€California€Court€of€Appeal€cases€relying€on€òòPeople€v.Ð –æ ÐDolly,€supraóó.,€40€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€458,€to€uphold€a€detention€based€on€an€anonymous€tip.Ð – æ ÐÌà ½ àAfter€receiving€an€anonymous€phone€call,€the€police€dispatcher€radioed€officers€atÐ –"æ Ðapproximately€midnight,€stating€that€two€males€were€ð ðcausing€a€disturbanceðð€outside€aÐ –#æ Ðresidence€at€133€North€Juanita€Street€and€that€one€of€them€was€ð ðpossibly€in€possession€of€aÐ –$æ  Ðhandgunðð.€One€male€was€reportedly€wearing€a€black€t„shirt€while€the€other€was€wearing€aÐ –%æ ! Ðblue€Pendeleton„type€jacket.€They€were€walking€towards€Colonia€Park,€located€across€theÐ –&æ!" Ðstreet€from€the€residence.€The€officers€who€responded,€Mora€and€Alva,€had€priorÐ –'æ"# Ðknowledge€of€this€residence€which€was€located€in€known€gang€territory.€Only€days€before,Ð –(æ#$ Ðofficers€investigating€a€daytime€shooting€at€the€residence€had€seized€two€firearms.Ð –)æ$% ÐMoreover,€the€officers€knew€that€Colonia€Park€was€frequented€by€gang€members..Ð –*æ%& ÐÐ –+æ&' Ðà ½ àResponding€to€the€location,€Officers€Mora€and€Alva€saw€two€males€(one€of€whichÐ ° Ðwas€the€minor)€and€two€females€walking€towards€Colonia€park.€The€malesðð€clothingÐ ° Ðmatched€the€anonymous€callerððs€description.€The€officers€ordered€the€two€males€to€stop,€butÐ ° Ðthey€refused€to€do€so.€The€minor€refused€to€obey€the€police€commands,€threatened€OfficerÐ ° ÐMora,€and€resisted€a€control€hold.€Eventually,€he€was€handcuffed€and€arrested.€The€minorÐ ° Ðsought€to€suppress€the€officerððs€observations€of€his€resistance€and€his€threateningÐ °  Ðstatements,€arguing€that€they€occurred€in€the€course€of€an€unlawful€detention.Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àRelying€on€òòDollyóó,€òòsupraóó.,€40€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€458,€the€Court€of€Appeal€(in€a€very€briefÐ °  Ðanalysis)€held€that€the€anonymous€call€provided€reasonable€suspicion€for€the€minorððsÐ °  Ðdetention.€The€informant€in€the€present€case,€like€the€tipster€in€òòDollyóó,€gave€aÐ °  Ðcontemporaneous€description€of€activity€posing€a€grave€and€immediate€risk€not€only€to€theÐ °  Ðcaller€but€to€anyone€nearby.€The€Court€found€it€significant€that€the€asserted€ð ðlate€nightÐ °  Ðdisturbance€involving€a€firearmðð€was€occurring€in€front€of€a€specific€residence€where€aÐ °  Ðshooting€had€recently€occurred€in€known€gang€territory.€One€could€say€that€the€officersððÐ ° Ðawareness€that€this€area€was€known€for€gang€activity€and€that€a€shooting€had€occurred€atÐ ° Ðthe€same€residence€only€days€before€corroborated€the€anonymous€callerððs€assertion€ofÐ ° Ðillegal€activity.Ð ° ÐÌò òC.òòà0 ½ àUnpublished€California€Court€of€Appeal€Cases€Upholding€Detentions€Based€onÐ ° ÐAnonymous€Tips€after€Dolly€and€WellsЮþ½s#½s# ÐÌó óóó1.à0 ½ àò òòòPeople€v.€Randleóó€(2007)€2007€WL€4442884€[Fifth€District]ó óТò½s#½s# Ðà0 ½ àò òHolding:€An€anonymous€informantððs€tip€that€a€driver€possibly€had€a€gunÐ ¦ö Ðjustified€ordering€the€driver€out€of€the€car€at€gunpoint€after€the€officers€made€aÐ ¤ô Ðtraffic€stopó óТò½s#½s# ÐÌà ½ àIn€this€case,€the€anonymous€informant€delivered€the€tip€in„person,€and€the€defendantÐ  ð Ðchallenged€the€officerððs€use€of€force€during€the€detention€as€well€as€the€detention€itself.Ð   ð ÐTwo€officers€were€flagged€down€by€a€citizen€in€a€vehicle.€The€citizen€informed€them€that€aÐ  !ð Ðmale,€possibly€with€a€handgun,€was€driving€a€white€four„door€car€with€the€words€ð ðfor€saleððÐ  "ð Ðpainted€on€the€windows.€The€citizen€did€not€provide€her€name.€About€five€to€seven€minutesÐ  #ð Ðlater,€the€officers€saw€a€car€matching€the€informantððs€description€pull€into€a€nearby€gasÐ  $ð  Ðstation.€The€painted€words,€ð ðfor€saleðð,€as€well€as€a€crack€in€the€windshield€obstructed€theÐ  %ð ! Ðdriverððs€view€and€the€carððs€registration€tags€were€expired.€Having€observed€these€VehicleÐ  &ð!" ÐCode€violations,€the€officers€executed€a€traffic€stop.€The€defendant€was€the€driver€and€loneÐ  'ð"# Ðoccupant€of€the€stopped€car.Ð  (ð#$ ÐÌà ½ àBecause€the€informant€had€stated€that€the€driver€might€have€a€weapon,€the€officersÐ  *ð%& Ðconducted€a€ð ðhigh„riskðð€stop,€drawing€their€weapons,€removing€the€defendant€from€the€car,Ð  +ð&' Ðand€immediately€pat„searching€him.€They€found€a€loaded€handgun€in€one€pocket€andÐ ° Ðmarijuana€in€another€pocket.€The€defendant€was€arrested€and€transported€to€jail€whereÐ ° Ðcocaine€was€discovered€during€a€more€thorough€search.Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àThe€defendant€sought€to€suppress€the€firearm€and€drugs,€asserting€that€theÐ ° Ðanonymous€tip€of€possible€weapons€possession€did€not€justify€the€traffic€stop,€and€that€theÐ °  Ðuse€of€force€during€the€stop€converted€the€detention€into€a€de€facto€arrest€unsupported€€byÐ °  Ðprobable€cause.Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€motion€to€suppress.€TheÐ °  ÐCourt€found€the€traffic€stop€was€justified€because€the€officers€had€observed€two€VehicleÐ °  ÐCode€violations€(the€expired€registration€tags€and€the€obstructed€windshield).€TheÐ °  Ðanonymous€tip€had€alerted€the€officers€to€ð ða€potential€threat€to€public€safety,€namely€a€manÐ °  Ðtraveling€in€a€vehicle€with€a€loaded€weaponðð.€After€the€officers€observed€the€describedÐ °  Ðvehicle,€they€were€justified€in€conducting€the€high€risk€stop€and€the€immediate€pat„search.Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àÌò ò2.ó óà0 ½ àò òòòPeople€v.€Breweróóó ó€ò ò(2007)€2007€WL€3054354€[Third€District]ó óа½s#½s# Ðò òà0 ½ àHolding:€An€anonymous€phone€tip€reporting€a€man€brandishing€a€gun€providedÐ ´ Ðreasonable€suspicion€for€a€detention€and€pat€searchó óв½s#½s# ÐÌà ½ àThe€tip€in€this€case€was€reported€to€the€police€by€a€caller€who€was€relayingÐ ° Ðinformation€told€to€him€or€her€by€a€roommateððs€15„year„old€son,€J.D.,€as€J.D.€€wasÐ ° Ðobserving€the€suspectððs€actions.€When€J.D.€arrived€at€his€motherððs€house€on€Viking€DriveÐ ° Ðaround€noon,€he€observed€a€Black€male€wearing€a€Raiders€jersey€standing€in€the€streetÐ ° Ðarguing€with€an€Asian€man€and€woman.€At€some€point€during€the€argument,€the€maleÐ ° Ðwaived€a€handgun€in€the€air€over€his€head.€After€he€entered€his€motherððs€home,€J.D.€saw€theÐ ° Ðmale€sitting€in€the€driverððs€seat€of€a€gray€sedan€talking€to€a€woman.€J.D.€went€back€outsideÐ ° Ðand€obtained€the€sedanððs€license€number.€J.D.€gave€all€this€information€to€his€motherððsÐ °  Ðroommate€who€reported€it€to€the€police.€Ð °! ÐÌà ½ àAbout€forty„nine€minutes€later,€an€officer€was€dispatched€to€investigate€the€report€ofÐ °# Ða€man€brandishing€a€firearm€on€Viking€Drive.€Minutes€later,€he€arrived€on€the€scene€andÐ °$  Ðsaw€a€grey€sedan€stopped€in€the€middle€of€the€street€with€a€€license€plate€that€ð ðcloselyÐ °%!! Ðmatchedðð€the€number€reported.€As€the€officer€approached€the€car€from€the€rear,€it€movedÐ °&"" Ðforward€and€turned€right.€The€officer€stopped€the€car,€and€the€defendant€emerged€from€theÐ °'## Ðdriverððs€seat.€He€was€immediately€pat„searched,€and€a€handgun€clip€was€found€on€hisÐ °($$ Ðperson.€The€defendant€admitted€there€was€a€gun€in€the€car€and€directed€the€officer€to€itsÐ °)%% Ðlocation€behind€the€front€passenger€seat.Ð °*&& ÐÐ °+'' Ðà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ ° Ðsuppress.€The€Court€found€that€the€facts€of€the€present€matter€were€ð ðmore€akin€to€òòDollyóó,Ð ° Ðwhere€the€defendant€pointed€the€handgun€at€his€victim,€than€[to]€òòFlorida€v.€J.Lóó.,€where€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€was€merely€in€possession€of€a€handgun.ðð€Moreover,€the€anonymous€callerÐ ° Ðdescribed€the€suspectððs€race,€gender€and€clothing€as€well€as€the€vehicleððs€color€and€licenseÐ ° Ðplate€ð!ð€details€that€were€corroborated€when€the€officer€arrived€on€the€scene.€Moreover,€as€inÐ °  ÐòòDollyóó,€40€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€458,€€ð ðthe€anonymous€call€at€issue€here€was€a€report€from€someone€whoÐ °  Ðhad€witnessed€the€dangerous€activity€firsthand,€was€contemporaneous€with€the€events,€andÐ °  Ðrequired€an€immediate€response€to€protect€public€safetyðð.€Finally,€when€the€officer€arrivedÐ °  Ðon€the€scene,€the€defendant€drove€away,€corroborating€the€allegation€of€criminal€conduct.Ð °  ÐÌò ò3.à0 ½ àòòIn€re€Dennis€W.óó€(2008)€2008€WL€526322€[First€District,€Division€Four]а ½s#½s# Ðà0 ½ àHolding:€An€anonymous€callerððs€tip€of€a€young€male€looking€down€the€street,€Ð ®þ  Ðpossibly€scoping€something€out€and€getting€ready€to€cause€some€troubleó óÐ ¬ü  Ðò òprovided€reasonable€suspicion€of€auto€burglary,€justifying€the€minorððsÐ ªú  Ðdetention€and€friskó óШø½s#½s# ÐÌà ½ àIn€this€case,€an€anonymous€individual€called€911€at€about€11:00€p.m.€and€reportedÐ ¦ö Ðthat€a€young€African€American€male€was€standing€on€a€street€corner€ð ðlooking€like€he€mightÐ ¦ö Ðbe€ready€to€cause€some€troubleðð.€The€caller€reported€that€the€young€man€was€ð ðlookingÐ ¦ö Ðdown€the€streetðð€as€though€he€might€be€ð ðscoping€something€outðð€€and€that€windows€mightÐ ¦ö Ðbe€ð ðbroken€out€of€a€carðð.€He€described€the€male€as€possibly€ð ðyounger€than€20",€wearing€aÐ ¦ö Ðlong€red€shirt,€black€pants€and€a€black€bandana.€Based€on€this€call,€dispatch€reported€thatÐ ¦ö Ðsomeone€was€standing€on€the€corner€looking€into€or€breaking€into€vehicles.Ð ¦ö ÐÌà ½ àMinutes€later,€two€officers€arrived€at€the€designated€intersection€and€saw€the€13„Ð ¦ö Ðyear„old€minor€standing€on€the€corner.€He€met€the€anonymous€callerððs€description€exceptÐ ¦ö Ðthat€he€was€wearing€a€black€hat€rather€than€a€black€bandana.€The€minor€was€ð ðkind€ofÐ ¦ö Ðpeering€around€the€cornerðð,€and€in€that€direction,€there€was€a€parked€vehicle€and€a€largeÐ ¦ ö Ðapartment€complex.€The€two€officers€approached€the€minor€from€behind€and€saidÐ ¦!ö Ðsomething€to€him.€He€turned€around,€appearing€startled.€The€officers€then€directed€theÐ ¦"ö Ðminor€to€lift€his€long€T„shirt€so€that€they€could€visually€scan€his€pockets€and€waistband.Ð ¦#ö ÐThey€asked€him€what€was€in€his€pocket,€and€the€minor€admitted€he€had€a€BB„gun.Ð ¦$ö  ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€minorððs€motion€toÐ ¦&ö!" Ðsuppress€the€BB„gun.€The€Court€rejected€the€minorððs€assertion€that€the€anonymous€tip€didÐ ¦'ö"# Ðnot€support€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€any€criminal€activity€was€occurring,€let€alone€aÐ ¦(ö#$ Ðreasonable€belief€that€the€minor€was€involved€in€that€activity.€Ð ¦)ö$% ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€concluded€that€the€officers€reasonably€suspected€that€the€minor€wasÐ ¦+ö&' Ðpreparing€to€break€into€a€car.€Thus,€they€had€the€right€to€detain€and€frisk€him;€auto€burglarsÐ ° Ðcommonly€carry€screwdrivers,€flashlights€or€crowbars€and€those€items€or€weapons€couldÐ ° Ðhave€been€concealed€under€the€minorððs€long€T„shirt.€The€officers€could€rely€on€theÐ ° Ðanonymous€phone€call€for€reasonable€suspicion€because:€1)the€call€was€recorded;€2)theÐ ° Ðofficers€could€infer€that€the€caller€was€observing€the€suspectððs€movements€while€speaking;Ð ° Ð3)the€minor€matched€the€callerððs€description€and€was€found€on€the€designated€corner;€andÐ °  Ð4)the€officers€corroborated€the€allegations€of€possible€criminal€activity€because€they€sawÐ °  Ðthe€minor€peer€around€the€corner€and€he€seemed€startled€when€the€officers€approached€him.€Ð °  Ðà ½ àÌò ò4.à0 ½ àòòPeople€v.€Ybarraóó€(2008)€2008€WL€2941935€[Fifth€District]ó óа ½s#½s# Ðà0 ½ àò òHolding:€An€anonymous€phone€tip€of€a€specifically€described€man€currentlyÐ ®þ  Ðselling€drugs€in€an€alleyway€justified€a€detention,€even€though€the€officers€didÐ ¬ü  Ðnot€see€any€behavior€suggested€drug€dealing€when€they€arrived€at€the€alleyó óЪú ½s#½s# ÐÌà ½ àAn€anonymous€man€called€the€Fresno€police€department€at€about€6:00€in€the€eveningÐ ¨ø  Ðand€reported€that€a€man€was€selling€drugs€in€the€alleyway€behind€3306€East€Sierra€Madre.Ð ¨ø ÐAlthough€itððs€not€clear€whether€the€tipster€called€911,€the€call€was€recorded.€The€callerÐ ¨ø Ðclaimed€to€be€watching€the€drug€dealing€from€his€window€while€washing€dishes.€He€wantedÐ ¨ø Ðto€remain€anonymous€because€ð ðtheyððll€shoot€meðð.€The€caller€described€the€drug€seller€as€aÐ ¨ø ÐHispanic€male,€age€28€or€29,€about€5',€11"€tall,€medium€build,€wearing€a€white€shirt€andÐ ¨ø Ðblue€shorts.€He€said€the€activity€was€currently€going€on€in€the€alley,€and€that€he€hadÐ ¨ø Ðobserved€a€drug€sale€to€an€older€white€man€in€a€black€car€20€minutes€earlier.€Four€minutesÐ ¨ø Ðafter€the€call€was€received,€two€officers€were€dispatched€to€investigate€a€report€of€a€personÐ ¨ø Ðselling€drugs€in€the€alleyway.€They€were€told€that€the€suspect€was€still€there€and€sellingÐ ¨ø Ðdrugs.€The€callerððs€physical€description€of€the€suspect€was€conveyed,€although€the€officersÐ ¨ø Ðwere€not€told€that€the€source€of€the€report€was€an€anonymous€call.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà ½ àFive€minutes€after€receiving€the€dispatch€(nine€minutes€after€the€call),€the€twoÐ ¨ø Ðofficers€arrived€at€the€alley€being€3306€East€Sierra€Madre€and€observed€the€defendant.€HeÐ ¨ ø Ðwas€coming€out€of€a€garage€on€the€alley,€and€he€was€about€to€enter€the€driverððs€side€of€aÐ ¨!ø Ðvehicle€on€Fisher€Street,€while€a€woman€(later€identified€as€the€defendantððs€wife)€got€intoÐ ¨"ø Ðthe€vehicleððs€passenger€seat.€The€officers€believed€that€the€defendant€matched€theÐ ¨#ø Ðdescription€they€were€given.€He€was€a€Hispanic€man€wearing€a€white€shirt€and€denimÐ ¨$ø  Ðshorts.€However,€he€was€ten€years€older€and€two€inches€shorter€than€the€described€drugÐ ¨%ø ! Ðdealer.€Also,€the€defendant€weighed€230€pounds€whereas€the€described€drug€dealer€had€aÐ ¨&ø!" Ðmedium€build.€The€officers€pulled€up€behind€the€defendantððs€car€and€told€him€to€come€outÐ ¨'ø"# Ðand€approach€them.€He€did€so,€provided€his€name€and€admitted€that€he€was€on€parole.Ð ¨(ø#$ ÐDuring€ensuing€parole€searches€of€the€defendant€and€the€car,€officers€found€a€large€amountÐ ¨)ø$% Ðof€cash€in€the€defendantððs€pocket€and€narcotics,€a€shotgun€and€ammunition€in€the€vehicle.Ð ¨*ø%& ÐÐ ¨+ø&' Ðà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€concluded€that€the€officers€had€reasonable€suspicion€to€detainÐ ° Ðthe€defendant.€The€Court€held€that€the€facts€of€the€present€case€were€more€likeòò€Dolly,Ð ° Ðsupra.,€óó40€Cal.€4òòthóó€at€458òò€óóthanòò€Florida€v.€J.L.,€supra.,€óó529€U.S.€at€266.€Thus,€the€officersÐ ° Ðhad€reason€to€believe€that€the€tipsterððs€information€was€reliable.:€1)the€anonymous€callerÐ ° Ðgave€a€very€detailed€description€of€the€perpetrator,€his€location,€and€his€drug€activities;Ð ° Ð2)the€callerððs€information€was€based€on€first„hand€contemporaneous€observation;€he€wasÐ °  Ðwatching€the€drug€dealing€from€his€apartment€window;€3)the€caller€expressed€a€reasonableÐ °  Ðbasis€for€wanted€to€remain€anonymous€ð!ð€i.e.€fear€of€reprisals€from€his€drug„dealingÐ °  Ðneighbor;€and€4)the€police€arrived€at€the€reported€location€within€minutes€and€found€aÐ °  Ðperson€matching€the€callerððs€description.€Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€did€not€really€address€the€discrepancies€between€the€callerððsÐ °  Ðdescription€of€the€drug€dealer€and€the€defendantððs€appearance€(height,€weight€and€age).€NorÐ °  Ðdid€the€court€discuss€the€fact€that€the€officers€did€not€observe€the€defendant€engaged€in€anyÐ °  Ðactivity€which€reasonably€suggested€he€was€dealing€drugs.Ð ° ÐÌÌ