ÿWPCv Ÿ/ªÿ?R‹ÆHˆ{Æ(Ý5Ûn¸Û;tûÆ¡ð0¿Ü‰¼†ÜR ò89ïçØ·0;Í÷C‰õ›ºMžÇ0Y0,ñÃÉíÍÿ°BwF,i"OãQðæuÿÈ!oÓ™)y,ú|p,*5…·ªè©ïƒ9H vÙ®Íi]u¥ˆ(.‡ë¸K3ÉÃN+LÍ€F \=DÖŒ§q²A]$wÅíU­qODz±‹ $„Lü…~<:ÎM–(.«eFˆAÒz4~£'›$nŒû‘¸Õ¿{.Ž©~ Z^æ”t·[eSñ6ð "sƒtäœyæËQ†‡$6~¶ºíxëQÞv4 Äà¬ÁËgf*‚’CYRñ$u¾ ÉK¶[<˜ 6áþ'víWb7ÄpÈéu)}H&Féâëqû{™|N‘Ƹ?< !ÔëªÚQ@®âR§4Æ"W70øþ6Mv¸œýiƒ-[<¯U÷#BÕ„c,éÞ0*$%*¼g'èõúΈΦ~K ÂPvèœ]ÑG„˹í‹c¸XƒÿÙuxÿ[á ÷ì4 «–׃¦”Ìt5É„±Ì÷Jî¨éRƒ‹þ² €Ú™¨Áü Žaõî£,6,¼ŸÇóNÏ ´^tðü·X#ÉÐUØN™ %ç 0:í ^ ' w3 47 K Z m\ Ns  u 0~‚ 0D¹DQýþN 0&AL“ 0 T U @t´ Ì;ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ BY˜__sesame_Printer1/J-LAPTOP/Session 336ðð,,,,ðð0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ôg.=8— p’7ê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ€ŠÏçˆXXÔWe€believe€that€the€holding€of€òòPeople€v.€Jordanóó€is€still€good€law€after€theÐ ° ÐCalifornia€Supreme€Courtððs€recent€decisions€in€òòPeople€v.€Wellsóó€(2006)€38€Cal.€4òòthóó€1078Ð ° Ðand€òòPeople€v.€Dolly€óó(2007)€40€Cal.€4òòthóó,€and€the€Court€of€Appealððs€recent€decision€inÐ ° ÐòòPeople€v.€Lindsay€óó(2007)€148€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€1390€(First€District,€Division€Four).€In€theseÐ ° Ðthree€cases,€the€appellate€courts€approved€detentions€based€on€anonymous€tips€thatÐ ° Ðalleged€conduct€posing€serious€and€immediate€threats€to€public€safety€(drunk€driving,Ð °  Ðbrandishing€a€gun,€firing€a€gun).€Also,€in€these€three€cases,€the€tips€were€not€trulyÐ °  Ðanonymous;€the€officers€were€able€to€identify€the€callers€or€trace€the€calls.€All€three€casesÐ °  Ðacknowledged€and€distinguished€the€facts€of€òòPeople€v.€Jordanóó.€€(See€the€materials€postedÐ °  Ðon€the€FDAP€website:€WHEN€DOES€AN€ANONYMOUS€TIP€PROVIDEÐ °  ÐREASONABLE€SUSPICION€FOR€A€STOP€AND€FRISK,€May€2007.)(.(3Ä($¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ¯Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ‡ŠÏçˆXXÔThe€Court€did€not€address€the€California€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€inÐ ° ÐòòPeople€v.€McKayóó€(2002)€27€Cal.€4òòthóó€601,€which€upheld€a€similar€search€of€a€bicyclistÐ ° Ðstopped€for€a€minor€Vehicle€Code€violation.Ô#†X÷XˆŠÏçq#Ô GÝ ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ€ŠÏçˆXXÔOn€March€21,€2007,€the€Supreme€Court€granted€review€on€itððs€own€motionÐ ° Ðafter€the€San€Joaquin€County€District€Attorneyððs€Officer€filed€a€request€for€depublication.Ð ° ÐReview€was€granted€on€the€following€issue:€If€a€police€officer€sees€a€motor€vehicle€lacksÐ ° Ða€rear€or€both€license€plates,€may€the€officer€make€a€traffic€stop€to€determine€if€the€vehicleÐ ° Ðhas€a€temporary€permit€or€if€a€displayed€permit€is€valid?€On€the€same€day,€the€CourtÐ ° Ðgranted€a€minorððs€petition€for€review,€In€òòIn€re€Raymond€Cóó€(S149728),€on€the€same€issue.Ð °  ÐBoth€cases€have€now€been€fully€briefed. dispositiveCelisDePentoYbarraMendenhallHodariChesternutMannixHutchersonDerhamSaettaMcPartlandColtonPerrusquiaRandiCovinKrohnCorreenFerrentinoCamargoHoskingDesireeTrinaChatterjee D.M.WardlowDickersonClaymanMcKay FDAPJeffry J.L.MikolBenjacob ChaKowataMimmsRandleMelnykSchwartzbergWhrenArvizuFitzerGraysonNabongDEPUBLISHEDdepublicationIn In DMVShanahanBrendlinE]venMcGaughranGallardoCaballesDeLeonOrmondeSchnayersonDavidsAngresunfriendliesLedesma TamiBuschoAuwaterElisaBrandesSirefBallantineJimenoGinozaLazaldeHoeninghausTeranFreibergcaretaking(Vm$˜˜Ìà0  àà ° à ‰Ý ƒ Ä($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ‡ŠÏçˆXXÔWe€compiled€these€materials€by€reviewing€ð ðrecent€victoriesðð€listed€on€theÐ ° Ðappellate€project€€Ô_ÔwebsitesÔ_Ô.€We€also€reviewed€Bells€Compendium€on€Search€and€Seizure.Ð ° ÐWe€do€not€claim€to€have€captured€every€Fourth€Amendment€victory€from€the€last€threeÐ ° Ðyears.€If€you€know€of€€a€recent€victory€not€listed€here,€please€e„mail€Kathryn€SeligmanÐ ° Ð(kseligman@fdap.org)Ô#†X÷XˆŠÏçq#Ô(,!ù$™™à0  àà0` (#(#àà  à(ÎáA Z‹(Times New Roman  ØØpage page chapter volume footnote endnote  dÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýò òÔ‡R»ÊQXXÔÑ€÷*Ñà@  ìàFIRST€DISTRICT€APPELLATE€PROJECT€ˆÐ ° Ðà@QQ"ìàTRAINING€SEMINARˆÐ üL Ðà@VV"ìàÔ#†X÷XQR»Ê0#ÔÔ‡îº%îXX÷ÔJanuary€26,€2008ˆÐ H˜ ÐÌÌÌÌà@ìì*ìàˆÌÔ#†X÷Xîîº%#ÔÔ‡þêXX÷ÔÌÌÌó óà@ìàò òWINNING€TRENDS€IN€SEARCH€AND€SEIZUREˆÐ è8  ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àÌÌà@íí"ìàó óKathryn€SeligmanˆÐ H˜ Ðà@ýý#ìàStaff€Attorneyò òˆÐ Ü, Ðà@ìì*ìàó óˆà0  àò òÐ (#(# ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌó óÌò òÌÔ_ÔÐ \,¬' ÐÑ÷*Ñâ âØØâ âÑ  Ñó óÔ#†X÷Xþê–#ÔÔ€ŠÏçˆXX÷ÔÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÑ8€Ï爈ddÈ8ÑINTRODUCTIONÔ Ý 'ÔÐ ° ÐÌÓÓóóó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%ö#ÔThese€materials€include€summaries€of€53€Fourth€Amendment€victories€ð!ð€cases€in€whichÐ øH Ðdefense€attorneys€successfully€challenged€illegal€searches€and€seizures€on€appeal.Ð øH ÐIncluded€are€decisions€from€the€California€Court€of€Appeal,€the€California€SupremeÐ øH ÐCourt,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court,€and€the€Ninth€Circuit€Court€of€Appeals.€In€mostÐ ø H Ðof€these€cases,€the€appellate€courts€reversed€the€trial€courtsðð€denial€of€the€defendantsððÐ ø H Ðsuppression€motions,€and€overturned€the€defendantsðð€convictions.€Ð ø H ÐÌIncluded€are€both€published€and€unpublished€decisions.€In€each€section,€the€publishedÐ ø H  Ðdecisions€are€listed€first,€designated€with€a€[P].€The€unpublished€decisions,€listed€second,Ð øH  Ðare€designated€with€a€[UP].€€ò òOf€course,€the€unpublished€decisions€cannot€be€cited€asÐ øH  Ðauthority.€However,€we€have€included€them€here€as€the€courtsðð€analysis€may€beÐ üL  Ðhelpful€to€attorneys€drafting€future€Fourth€Amendment€arguments.ó óÐ úJ  ÐÌMost€of€the€decisions€listed€here€were€filed€in€2006€and€2007.€Weððve€included€oneÐ øH Ðdecision€from€January€2008,€and€a€few€from€2004€and€2005.€For€each€subject€area,€theÐ øH Ðmost€recent€published€decisions€are€listed€first.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð øH ÐÌThese€materials€are€a€tribute€to€California€criminal€defense€attorneys€who€haveÐ øH Ðpersevered€against€the€odds€and€enforced€their€clientsðð€Fourth€Amendment€rights.€In€theÐ øH Ðsummary€of€each€case,€we€have€designated€the€attorney€who€successfully€represented€theÐ øH Ðdefendant€or€juvenile€ward€on€appeal.€However,€for€each€of€these€cases,€there€was€also€aÐ øH Ðtrial€attorney€who€deserves€credit€for€raising€the€suppression€issue€in€the€superior€courtÐ øH Ðand€preserving€the€claim€for€appeal.Ð øH ÐÌAll€criminal€defense€attorneys,€at€both€the€trial€and€appellate€level,€need€to€remainÐ øH Ðvigilant.€We€need€to€keep€up€with€the€latest€Fourth€Amendment€decisions.€We€need€toÐ øH Ðcarefully€review€police€reports€and€trial€court€records€for€questionable€detentions,€arrestsÐ ø H Ðand€searches.€We€need€to€challenge€police€abuse€of€authority€at€trial€and€on€appeal.€AndÐ ø!H Ðwe€need€to€argue€persuasively,€constantly€reminding€the€courts€of€the€importance€of€keyÐ ø"H Ðconstitutional€principles€and€the€role€of€the€exclusionary€rule€in€deterring€future€policeÐ ø#H Ðmisconduct.€We€hope€you€will€find€these€materials€inspiring.òòò òÐ ø$H  ЇÔ‡îº%ÏçÔÔ  ÔI.€ARRESTSÔ Ý ÔÐ ° Ðà  àÌà  àÔ  ÔA.€DETENTION€OR€ARRESTÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%õ#ÔÔ Ý lÔÐ øH ÐÌóóòòà0  àLegal€rule:ó óóó€The€distinction€between€a€detention,€which€may€be€justified€by€aÐ  j Ðreasonable€suspicion€of€criminal€activity,€and€an€arrest€which€requires€probableÐ  j Ðcause€ð ðmay€in€some€instances€create€difficult€line„drawing€problemsðð.€(òòUnitedÐ  j ÐStates€v.€Sharpeóó€(1985)€470€U.S.€675,€685.)€There€is€no€bright€line€rule€forÐ  j Ðdetermining€when€an€investigatory€stop€becomes€a€de€facto€arrest.€In€making€thisÐ  j Ðdetermination,€the€duration,€scope€and€purpose€of€the€stop€are€importantÐ j  Ðconsiderations.€(òòWilson€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(1983)€34€Cal.€3d€777,€784.)€No€singleÐ j  Ðfactor€(e.g.€the€officerððs€use€of€a€gun€or€handcuffs)€is€dispositive.Ðj (#(# ÐÌÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[P]€òòPeople€v.€Celis€óó(2004)€33€Cal.€4òòthóó€667€(California€Supreme€Court)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%#ÔÐ j  ÐFiled:€7/26/2004Ð >Ž ÐAttorney:€Nicholas€DePentoÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòÐ >Ž ÐÌÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº% #Ôóóà0  àThe€Supreme€Court€reversed€judgments€of€the€trial€court€and€the€Court€of€AppealÐ d´ Ðdenying€the€defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€evidence.€ò òThe€Supreme€Court€held:Ð d´ Ð1)that€the€defendant€was€detained€and€not€arrested€when€he€was€seized€byÐ h¸ Ðpolice€officers€in€the€backyard€of€his€house;€and€2)that€the€facts€known€to€theÐ f¶ Ðofficers€did€not€justify€the€officersðð€entry€into€the€defendantððs€home€toÐ d´ Ðconduct€a€protective€sweep.ó ó€Police€officers€suspected€that€the€defendant€wasÐ b² Ðinvolved€in€a€major€state„wide€drug€trafficking€operation.€After€two€days€ofÐ f¶ Ðsurveillance,€the€officers€confronted€the€defendant€in€the€backyard€of€his€home.€AnÐ f¶ Ðofficer€pulled€his€gun€on€the€defendant€and€ordered€him€to€stop.€The€defendant€wasÐ f¶ Ðhandcuffed€and€made€to€sit€against€the€wall.€Officers€then€entered€the€defendantððsÐ f¶ Ðhome€to€determine€if€there€was€anyone€inside€who€might€endanger€their€safety.Ð f ¶ ÐThey€did€not€find€any€people€inside,€but€they€did€notice€a€large€wooden€box€whichÐ f!¶ Ðwas€filled€with€wrapped€packages.€They€obtained€the€defendantððs€consent€to€openÐ f"¶ Ðthe€packages,€which€contained€cocaine.€On€the€first€issue,€the€Court€held€thatÐ f#¶ Ðappellant€was€detained€and€not€arrested€in€his€backyard:€ð ðStopping€a€suspect€atÐ f$¶ Ðgunpoint,€handcuffing€him,€and€making€him€sit€on€the€ground€for€a€short€period,€asÐ f%¶  Ðoccurred€here,€do€not€convert€a€detention€into€an€arrest.ððÐ f&¶!!(#(# Ðà  àÔ  Ôò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòB.€PROBABLE€CAUSE€TO€ARRESTó óóóÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%:#ÔÔ Ý *ÔÐ ° ÐÌà0  àòòò òLegal€rule:ó óóó€A€police€officer€may€arrest€an€individual€without€a€warrant€wheneverÐ Ô$ Ðthe€officer€has€reasonable€cause€to€believe€that€the€particular€individual€hasÐ Ô$ Ðcommitted€a€felony.€Probable€cause€to€arrest€exists€when€the€facts€known€to€theÐ Ô$ Ðarresting€officer€would€persuade€someone€of€ordinary€care€and€prudence€toÐ Ô $ Ðentertain€an€honest€and€strong€suspicion€that€the€individual€is€guilty€of€a€crime.ÐÔ $(#(# Ðà  à(€òòPeople€v.€Turneróó€(1994)€8€Cal.€4òòthóó€137,€185.)Ð Ô $ ÐÌòòÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò òóó[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Murrayóó,€A114127€(First€District,€Division€Three)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%<#ÔÐ Ô $  ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2007€WL€1114098Ð øH  ÐFiled€4/16/2007Ð øH  ÐAttorney:€David€WiltonÐ øH  ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ øH Ðsuppress€evidence€seized€from€him€during€a€post„arrest€booking€search.€ò òThe€CourtÐ øH Ðof€Appeal€held€that€the€search€was€illegal€because€the€police€officer€lackedÐ üL Ðprobable€cause€to€arrest€the€defendant€for€alleged€involvement€in€a€fraudulentÐ úJ Ðtransaction.ó ó€Three€women€had€attempted€to€purchase€jewelry€at€a€Target€storeÐ øH Ðusing€a€suspicious€credit€card€and€driverððs€license.€The€defendant€arrived€at€theÐ üL Ðcheck„out€stand€simultaneously€with€the€three€women,€and€they€all€left€the€store€atÐ üL Ðthe€same€time.€He€then€accompanied€one€of€the€women€who€requested€return€ofÐ üL Ðthe€credit€card€and€driverððs€license€used€in€the€attempted€transaction.€The€CourtÐ üL Ðheld€that€the€defendantððs€mere€association€with€the€woman€who€requested€return€ofÐ üL Ðthe€license€and€credit€card,€did€not€provide€probable€cause€for€his€arrest.€It€is€wellÐ üL Ðsettled€that€ð ða€personððs€mere€propinquity€to€others€independently€suspected€ofÐ üL Ðcriminal€activity€does€not,€without€more,€give€rise€to€probable€cause€to€arrest€thatÐ üL Ðpersonðð.€(òòYbarra€v.€Illinoisóó€(1979)€444€U.S.€85,€91.)ÐüL(#(# ÐÐ  ü L ÐÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòò òÔ  ÔII.Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%B&#ÔÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ€DETENTIONSóóó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%š&#ÔÔ Ý g&ÔÐ ° ÐÌà  àÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòò òÔ  ÔA.€DETENTION€V.€CONSENSUAL€ENCOUNTERó óóóÔ Ý G'ÔÐ Ô$ ÐÌÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%"'#Ôòòò òà0  àLegal€rule:ó óóó€An€individual€is€detained€when€a€police€officer€restrains€his€liberty€by€Ð  n Ðmeans€of€physical€force€or€show€of€authority.€(òòUnited€States€v.€Mendenhallóó€(1988)Ð  n Ð466€U.S.€544,€553;€òòIn€re€Manuel€G.óó€(1997)€16€Cal.€4òòthóó€805,€821.)€A€detention€mayÐ  n Ðbe€accomplished€by€a€show€of€authority,€but€only€if€the€individual€submits.Ð  n Ð(òòCalifornia€v.€Hodari€D.óó€(1991)€499€U.S.€621,€625„626.)€Officers€have€detained€anÐ  n Ðindividual€when,€in€view€of€all€the€circumstances,€a€reasonable€person€would€notÐ n  Ðbelieve€that€he€was€free€to€ignore€the€police,€leave€the€scene,€or€otherwiseÐ n  Ðterminate€the€encounter.€(òòUnited€States€v.€Mendenhall,€supraóó.,€at€554;€òòMichigan€v.Ð n  ÐChesternutóó€(1988)€486€U.S.€567,€573.)Ðn (#(# ÐÌÔ€îº%ÏçÔò ò[P]€òòPeople€v.€Garry€óó(2007)€156€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€1100€(First€Dist.,€Div.€Two)ó óÐ n ÐÔ€ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔFiled:€11/29/2007Ð B’ ÐAttorney:€Jennifer€MannixÐ B’ ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ B’ Ðsuppress.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€the€officer€detained€the€defendant€as€he€rapidlyÐ B’ Ðapproached€him€on€the€street,€even€though€the€officer€issued€no€verbalÐ F– Ðcommands.€Because€the€prosecution€conceded€the€lack€of€reasonableÐ D” Ðsuspicion,€the€detention€was€illegal.ó ó€The€Court€held€that€the€combination€ofÐ B’ Ðcircumstances€reasonably€communicated€to€the€defendant€that€he€was€not€free€toÐ F– Ðleave€or€disregard€the€police:€After€observing€the€defendant€standing€next€to€aÐ F– Ðparked€car€at€11:30€p.m.,€the€officer€shined€his€patrol€carððs€bright€spotlight€on€theÐ F– Ðdefendant,€exited€from€his€marked€patrol€vehicle,€and€walked€briskly€towards€theÐ F– Ðdefendant.€As€he€rapidly€approached€the€defendant,€the€armed€and€uniformedÐ F – Ðofficer€asked€the€defendant€if€he€was€on€probation€or€parole,€disregarding€theÐ F!– Ðdefendantððs€indication€that€he€was€standing€outside€his€own€home.€As€soon€as€theÐ F"– Ðdefendant€admitted€he€was€on€parole,€the€officer€grabbed€him€to€initiate€a€paroleÐ F#– Ðsearch.€The€Court€held€that€the€officer€had€detained€the€defendant€before€learningÐ F$– Ðthat€he€was€on€parole.Ð F%– (#(# ÐÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Hutchersonóó,€H030270€(Sixth€District)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%/2#ÔÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2007€WL€2482134Ð Ô$ ÐFiled€8/31/2007Ð Ô$ ÐAttorney:€Robert€DerhamÐ Ô$ ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€pre„trialÐ Ô $ Ðmotion€to€suppress€evidence.€ò òThe€Court€held€that:€1)€the€officer€detained€theÐ Ô $ Ðdefendant€when€he€repeatedly€demanded€that€the€defendant€open€his€rightÐ Ø ( Ðhand;€and€2)the€officer€lacked€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€the€defendant€wasÐ Ö & Ðengaged€in€criminal€activity.ó ó€The€officer€observed€the€defendant€cross€the€streetÐ Ô $  Ðat€1:30€a.m..€The€officer€approached€the€defendant,€asked€to€talk€to€him,€asked€theÐ Ø(  Ðdefendant€to€identify€himself,€and€ran€a€warrant€check€while€waiting€for€a€back„upÐ Ø(  Ðofficer.€The€officer€asked€the€defendant€to€show€his€hands.€The€defendant€raisedÐ Ø(  Ðboth€hands€and€opened€his€left€hand,€but€his€right€hand€remained€clenched.€TheÐ Ø(  Ðdefendant€repeatedly€refused€the€officerððs€request€to€unclench€his€right€hand.€TheÐ Ø( Ðofficer€then€told€the€defendant€that€he€would€pat„search€him€for€weapons.€€BothÐ Ø( Ðofficers€grabbed€him€to€commence€the€frisk€and€he€ran€away.€When€the€officersÐ Ø( Ðrestrained€the€defendant,€a€rock€of€cocaine€fell€from€his€right€hand.ÐØ((#(# ÐÌà0  àOn€the€first€issue,€the€Court€held€that€the€initial€interaction€between€the€defendantÐ Ø( Ðand€the€officer€was€a€consensual€encounter,€as€the€officer€had€the€right€to€approachÐ Ø( Ðhim€on€the€street€and€ask€questions.€However,€when€the€officer€repeatedlyÐ Ø( Ðdemanded€that€the€defendant€unclench€his€right€hand€to€reveal€its€contents,€theÐ Ø( Ðencounter€became€a€detention.ÐØ((#(# ÐÌÔ€îº%ÏçÔò ò[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Hammondóó,€H028901€(Sixth€District)ó óÐ Ø( ÐÔ€ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€€2006€WL€3491727Ð üL ÐFiled:€12/5/2006Ð üL ÐAttorney:€Stacy€SaettaÐ ü L ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ ü"L Ðsuppress€evidence.€ò òThe€Court€held€that:€1)the€officer€detained€the€defendantÐ ü#L Ðwhen€he€followed€him€for€several€minutes,€and€then€began€questioning€him;Ð %P  Ðand€2)the€officer€lacked€legal€justification€to€detain€the€defendant€after€he€sawÐ þ%N!! Ðhim€engage€in€innocent€activity€in€a€high€crime€area.ó ó€At€6:30€p.m.,€a€narcoticsÐ ü&L"" Ðofficer€was€patrolling€an€area€of€downtown€San€Jose,€known€for€illegal€drugÐ (P## Ðactivity.€The€officer€was€in€uniform,€driving€a€marked€patrol€car.€He€saw€theÐ )P$$ Ðdefendant,€an€African„American€male,€ð ðloiteringðð€at€a€bus€stop.€Several€buses€wentÐ *P%% Ðby,€and€the€defendant€did€not€board€them.€He€also€engaged€three€people€inÐ +P&& Ðconversation.€Within€15€minutes,€the€officer€saw€the€defendant€at€another€bus€stop.Ð ,P'' ÐAgain,€he€failed€to€board€any€buses€and€talked€to€people.€About€10€to€15€minutesÐ ° Ðlater,€the€officer€saw€the€defendant€at€a€third€bus€stop.€This€time,€the€officer€parkedÐ ° Ðhis€patrol€car€right€next€to€the€bench€where€the€defendant€was€sitting.€TheÐ ° Ðdefendant€then€boarded€a€bus,€but€got€off€four€blocks€from€where€heððd€boarded.Ð ° ÐWhen€the€defendant€saw€the€officer,€he€ð ðaverted€his€eyesðð€and€darted€into€aÐ ° ÐWestern€Union€store.€The€officer€then€exited€from€his€patrol€car,€followed€theÐ °  Ðdefendant€into€the€store,€and€stood€in€line€right€behind€him.€The€defendantÐ °  Ðrepeatedly€looked€at€the€officer.€After€the€defendant€finished€his€transaction,€theÐ °  Ðofficer€started€talking€to€him,€immediately€asking€if€he€was€on€probation.€TheÐ °  Ðdefendant€admitted€he€was€on€probation€for€prior€drug€sales.€The€officer€believedÐ °  Ðthat€the€defendant€had€narcotics€secreted€in€his€mouth.€He€arrested€the€defendantÐ °  Ðand€forced€him€to€spit€out€six€rocks€of€cocaine.а (#(# ÐÌà0  àò òOn€the€first€issue,€the€Court€held€that€the€defendant€was€detained€when€theÐ °  Ðofficer€began€talking€to€him.ó ó€He€was€aware€the€officer€had€been€following€him,Ð ®þ  Ðat€least€from€the€time€he€parked€right€next€to€him€at€the€third€bus€stop.€By€the€timeÐ ² Ðthe€officer€asked€the€defendant€if€he€was€on€probation,€no€reasonable€person€wouldÐ ² Ðhave€felt€free€to€refuse€to€answer€or€leave€the€scene.в(#(# ÐÌòòò òóóÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔCassityÔ_Ôóó,€G036291€(Fourth€District,€Division€Three)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%ZF#ÔÐ ² Ðó óÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2006€WL€3335192Ð Ö& ÐFiled€11/17/2006Ð Ö& ÐAttorney:€Michael€McPartlandÐ Ö& ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€a€motion€to€suppress.€ò òTheÐ Ö& ÐCourt€held€that€under€the€totality€of€circumstances,€a€reasonable€person€inÐ Ú* Ðthe€defendantððs€position€would€not€have€felt€free€to€leave;€he€was€thereforeÐ Ø( Ðdetained.€The€prosecution€conceded€that€the€officers€lacked€reasonableÐ Ö& Ðsuspicion.€ó óThree€armed€police€officers€encircled€the€defendant€at€4:00€a.m.€afterÐ Ô $ Ðhe€emerged€from€a€motel€room.€They€asked€him€questions€implying€suspicion€(e.g.Ð Ø!( Ðabout€his€arrest€record,€what€he€was€doing€in€the€area).€They€took€his€identificationÐ Ø"( Ðand€did€not€return€it.€They€did€not€advise€the€defendant€that€he€had€the€right€toÐ Ø#( Ðleave€or€refuse€cooperation.ÐØ$( (#(# ÐÐ  Ø%(!! ÐÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Coltonóó,€G035237€(Fourth€District,€Division€Three)Ð ° ÐÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%MK#Ôó óÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2006€WL€1280913Ð Ô$ ÐFiled€5/8/2006Ð Ô$ ÐAttorney:€Laura€KellyÐ Ô$ ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€pre„trialÐ Ô $ Ðmotion€to€suppress.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€the€defendant€consented€to€a€search€ofÐ Ô $ Ðhis€car€ð!ð€in€which€drugs€were€found€ð!ð€during€an€unlawful€detention.€Thus,€theÐ Ø ( Ðconsent€was€invalid.€ó óThe€defendant€was€detained€outside€of€a€7„11€store,€and€notÐ Ö & Ðmerely€subject€to€a€consensual€encounter,€considering€the€circumstances:€He€wasÐ Ú *  Ðconfronted€by€three€armed€officers.€The€officers€requested€his€driverððs€license€andÐ Ú*  Ðretained€it€while€conducting€a€records€check.€The€officersðð€questions€to€theÐ Ú*  Ðdefendant€implied€suspicion.€He€was€never€told€he€was€free€to€leave€or€refuseÐ Ú*  Ðconsent.€The€Court€also€found€that€evidence€seized€from€the€defendantððs€motelÐ Ú*  Ðroom,€after€his€arrest,€should€be€suppressed€as€the€fruit€of€the€illicit€detention.ÐÚ*(#(# ÐÌÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Fosteróó,€A109083€(First€District,€Division€One)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%°P#ÔÐ Ú* ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2005€WL€2643315Ð þN ÐFiled€10/17/2005Ð þN ÐAttorney:€Richard€SuchÐ þN ÐÌà0  àIn€this€Peopleððs€appeal,€the€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€the€trial€courtððs€grant€of€theÐ þN Ðdefendantððs€suppression€motion.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€substantial€evidenceÐ þN Ðsupported€the€lower€courtððs€factual€findings,€and€that€those€findingsÐ R Ðsupported€the€legal€conclusions€that:1)the€officer€detained€the€defendant,€andÐ P Ð2)the€detention€was€not€justified€by€the€requisite€reasonable€suspicion.ó ó€ÐþN(#(# ÐÌà0  àò òOn€the€first€issue,€the€Court€of€Appeal€held€that€Officer€Beard€had€detainedÐ  R Ðthe€defendant€before€he€ran€away.ó ó€The€defendant€was€detained€when€the€officerÐ !P Ðpulled€up€behind€him,€got€out€of€the€patrol€car,€and€ordered€him€to€stop.€TheÐ "T Ðdefendant€complied€with€this€request,€thus€submitting€to€the€officerððs€show€ofÐ #T Ðauthority.€The€officer€then€asked€the€defendant€to€identify€himself€which€he€did.Ð $T ÐWhen€the€defendant€asked€if€he€could€leave,€Officer€Beard€told€him€that€he€had€toÐ %T  Ðstay.€Only€then€did€the€defendant€walk,€and€then€run,€away.Ð&T!!(#(# ÐÐ  'T"" Ðà  àÔ  ÔÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòò òB.€Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%ðV#ÔÔ‡îº%ÏçÔRIGHT€TO€INITIATE€A€DETENTIONÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%;W#Ôó óóóÔ ,€ãVÔÐ ° ÐÌòòò òà0  àLegal€rule:ó óóó€A€detention€is€justified€when€the€totality€of€circumstances€known€toÐ Ô$ Ðthe€officers€cause€them€to€reasonably€suspect:€1)that€a€crime€has€occurred€or€isÐ Ô$ Ðabout€to€occur;€and€2)that€the€particular€person€they€intend€to€detain€is€involved€inÐ Ô$ Ðthat€activity.€(òòPeople€v.€Souzaóó€(1994)€9€Cal.€4òòthóó€224,€230.)ÐÔ $(#(# ÐÌÔ€îº%ÏçÔò ò[P]€òòPeople€v.€Perrusquiaóó€(2007)€150€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€228€(Fourth€District,Ð Ô $ ÐDivision€Three)€Review€denied:€7/25/07ó óÐ ø H ÐÔ‡ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔFiled:€4/25/07Ð l  ÐAttorney:€Randi€CovinÔ#†îº%ÏçEZ#ÔÐ l  ÐÌÔ€ŠÏçˆîîº%Ôà0  àIn€this€Peopleððs€appeal,€the€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€the€trial€courtððs€grant€of€theÐ B’  Ðdefendantððs€suppression€motion€and€subsequent€dismissal€of€the€case.€ò òTheÐ B’  Ðappellate€court€agreed€with€the€trial€court€that€the€officer€lacked€a€reasonableÐ F– Ðsuspicion€that€the€defendant€was€engaged€in€criminal€activity€at€the€momentÐ D” Ðwhen€he€stopped€him.ó ó€ò òThe€defendant€was€improperly€detained€for€attemptingÐ B’ Ðto€avoid€contact€with€the€officers.ó ó€At€11:30€p.m.,€patrol€officers€spotted€theÐ F– Ðdefendant€sitting€in€the€driverððs€seat€of€a€parked€car€in€the€lot€of€an€open€7„ElevenÐ Jš Ðstore.€The€surrounding€area€was€known€for€drugs€and€weapons€offenses,€and€thereÐ Jš Ðhad€been€recent€armed€robberies€at€local€7„Eleven€stores.€The€officer€noticed€theÐ Jš Ðdefendant€because€he€was€parked€near€the€lotððs€exit,€and€he€was€crouched€low€inÐ Jš Ðhis€seat€with€the€engine€idling.€As€the€officer€approached€the€defendant,€he€heard€aÐ Jš Ðthud€as€though€something€had€dropped€to€the€car€floor.€The€defendant€looked€atÐ Jš Ðthe€officer,€turned€off€the€engine,€exited€the€car€and€walked€quickly€towards€theÐ Jš Ðstore€entrance.€The€officer€believed€he€was€trying€to€avoid€police€contact.€As€heÐ Jš Ðpassed,€the€officer€said€ð ðhang€on€a€second.ðð€The€officer€then€performed€a€pat„Ð Jš Ðdown€search€after€the€defendant€refused€consent,€finding€guns€and€drugs.€ÐJ š(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€defendant€was€detained€when€the€officer€told€him€to€ð ðhang€on€a€secondðð.€TheÐ J"š Ðfactors€known€to€the€officer€at€this€moment€did€not€provide€reasonable€suspicion.Ð J#š ÐThe€Court€gave€little€weight€to€factors€unrelated€to€the€defendant€(e.g.€recentÐ J$š Ðcrimes€in€the€area),€and€noted€that€the€defendant€did€not€match€the€description€ofÐ J%š  Ðthe€suspects€in€the€recent€7„Eleven€robberies.€The€Court€focused€on€the€factorsÐ J&š!! Ðspecific€to€the€defendant€(e.g.€that€he€was€crouched€low€in€the€seat,€and€that€heÐ J'š"" Ðabruptly€left€the€car€after€noticing€the€officer).€The€Court€stated€that€the€defendantÐ J(š## Ðhad€the€right€to€avoid€contact€with€the€officer,€and€that€his€apparent€attempt€to€doÐ J)š$$ Ðso€could€not€support€a€detention.ÐJ*š%%(#(# ÐÐ J+š&& ЇÔ€îº%ÏçÔò ò[P]€òòPeople€v.€Krohnóó€(2007)€149€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€1294€[Fourth€District]ó óÐ ° ÐÔ€ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔFiled:€3/28/2007Ð Ô$ ÐAttorney:€Correen€FerrentinoÐ Ô$ ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€motion€to€suppress.Ð Ô$ Ðò òThe€Court€held€that€officer€lacked€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€the€defendantÐ Ô $ Ðwas€drinking€alcohol€in€a€public€place,€in€violation€of€a€city€ordinance,Ð Ò " Ðbecause€he€observed€him€with€an€open€beer€can€in€a€private€place,€inside€theÐ Ð  Ðdefendantððs€gated€apartment€complex.ó ó€The€interior€of€the€fenced€and€gatedÐ Î  Ðapartment€complex€was€not€readily€accessible€to€members€of€the€public.€BecauseÐ Ò "  Ðthe€officer€did€not€suspect€any€other€crime,€he€had€no€right€to€detain€the€defendant.ÐÒ" (#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòIn€re€D.M.óó,€A115877€(First€District,€Division€One)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%×h#Ôó óÐ Ò"  ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2007€WL€3037928Ð öF  ÐFiled€10/18/2007Ð öF ÐAttorney:€Jennifer€Mannix€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð öF ÐÌà0  àBased€on€a€Fourth€Amendment€violation,€the€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€theÐ öF Ðjuvenile€courtððs€finding€that€the€minor€had€resisted€an€officer€engaged€in€the€lawfulÐ öF Ðperformance€of€his€duties.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€the€minor€ran€away€from€anÐ öF Ðillegal€attempted€detention,€unsupported€by€reasonable€suspicion.ó ó€ThreeÐ úJ Ðofficers€were€on€routine€patrol€in€an€unmarked€car€when€they€spotted€the€minorÐ þN Ðand€two€other€men€standing€close€together.€One€of€the€men€moved€his€arms€andÐ þN Ðmight€possibly€have€passed€something€to€the€minor.€The€minor€then€began€to€walkÐ þN Ðaway.€Two€officers€exited€from€their€vehicle€and€walked€toward€the€minor.€WhenÐ þN Ðone€officer€yelled,€ð ðStop,€police,ðð€the€minor€ran€away.€The€Court€held€that€theÐ þN Ðofficer€attempted€a€detention€when€he€gave€the€order,€ð ðStop,€police.ðð€At€thisÐ þN Ðcritical€moment,€the€officer€lacked€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€the€minor€hadÐ þN Ðcommitted€any€crime€merely€because€he€might€have€passed€something€and€startedÐ þ N Ðto€walk€away.€There€was€no€evidence€this€was€a€high€crime€area.€The€minor€hadÐ þ!N Ðthe€right€to€refuse€to€cooperate,€by€running€away,€from€this€attempted€unlawfulÐ þ"N Ðdetention.€ð ðHis€refusal€to€cooperate€did€not€furnish€the€minimal€level€of€objectiveÐ þ#N Ðjustification€needed€for€a€detention.ðð€(See€òòIllinois€v.€Wardlowóó€(2000)€528€U.S.€119,Ð þ$N  Ð123,€125.)€Moreover,€this€case€was€distinguishable€from€òòWardlowóó,€as€the€minorÐ þ%N!! Ðdid€not€flee€from€the€police€in€a€high€crime€area.Ð þ&N""(#(# ÐÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Hutchersonóó,€H030270€(Sixth€District)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%7q#ÔÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2007€WL€2482134Ð Ô$ ÐFiled€8/31/2007Ð Ô$ ÐAttorney:€Robert€DerhamÐ Ô$ ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€pre„trialÐ Ô $ Ðmotion€to€suppress€evidence.€ò òThe€Court€held:€1)that€the€officers€detained€theÐ Ô $ Ðdefendant€when€they€repeatedly€demanded€that€he€open€his€right€hand€duringÐ Ø ( Ðthe€initially€consensual€encounter;€and€2)that€the€officers€lacked€a€reasonableÐ Ö & Ðsuspicion€that€the€defendant€was€engaged€in€criminality.ó ó€The€officer€observedÐ Ô $  Ðthe€defendant€cross€the€street€at€about€1:30€a.m..€The€officer€approached€theÐ Ø(  Ðdefendant,€asked€to€talk€to€him,€requested€identification,€and€ran€a€warrant€checkÐ Ø(  Ðwhile€waiting€for€a€back„up€officer.€The€officer€asked€the€defendant€to€show€hisÐ Ø(  Ðhands.€The€defendant€opened€his€left€hand,€but€his€right€hand€remained€clenched.Ð Ø(  ÐThe€defendant€repeatedly€refused€the€officerððs€request€that€he€unclench€his€rightÐ Ø( Ðhand.€The€officers€then€told€the€defendant€that€they€would€pat„search€him€forÐ Ø( Ðweapons.€They€grabbed€him€to€commence€the€frisk€and€he€ran€away.€When€theÐ Ø( Ðofficers€restrained€the€defendant,€a€rock€of€cocaine€fell€from€his€right€hand.€ÐØ((#(# ÐÌà0  àò òOn€the€second€issue,€the€Court€of€Appeal€held€that€the€officers€lacked€aÐ Ø( Ðreasonable€suspicion€that€appellant€was€engaged€in€criminal€behavior.ó ó€TheÐ Ö& Ðofficer€had€merely€observed€him€walking€down€the€street.€During€theirÐ Ú* Ðconversation,€he€did€not€appear€to€be€under€the€influence.€The€officerððs€statedÐ Ú* Ðsuspicion€that€the€defendant€might€be€concealing€a€weapon€in€his€partiallyÐ Ú* Ðclenched€right€hand€was€not€reasonable€under€the€circumstances.ÐÚ*(#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòIn€re€Desiree€Fóó.,€A113778€(First€District,€Division€Five)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%ôy#Ôó óÐ Ú* ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2007€WL€1556581Ð þN ÐFiled€5/30/2007Ð þ N ÐAttorney:€Trina€ChatterjeeÐ þ!N ÐÌà0  àBased€on€a€Fourth€Amendment€violation,€the€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€theÐ þ#N Ðjuvenile€courtððs€findings€that€the€minor€had€committed€a€battery€on€a€police€officerÐ þ$N  Ðand€had€resisted€an€officer.€ò òThe€Court€found€there€was€insufficient€evidenceÐ þ%N!! Ðthat€the€officer€was€engaged€in€the€lawful€performance€of€his€duties€when€theÐ 'R"" Ðminor€committed€the€alleged€offenses.€Specifically,€the€officer€had€no€legalÐ (P## Ðright€to€detain€the€minor.ó ó€The€officer€was€dispatched€to€a€designated€intersectionÐ þ(N$$ Ðto€respond€to€a€fight€involving€30€African€American€males€and€females.€When€heÐ *R%% Ðarrived,€the€officer€saw€no€fighting€or€evidence€of€recent€fighting.€He€observed€10Ð +R&& Ðto€15€people€standing€outside€of€parked€vehicles.€The€minor€was€not€outside;€sheÐ ,R'' Ðwas€one€of€four€people€sitting€inside€a€legally€parked€car.€€The€officer€detained€theÐ ° Ðminor€by€ordering€her€to€exit€from€the€car€and€sit€on€the€curb.€As€the€officerÐ ° Ðpushed€her€towards€the€curb,€the€minor€pulled€away€and€struck€the€officer.€TheÐ ° ÐCourt€held€that€she€resisted€an€unlawful€detention,€and€thus€committed€only€aÐ ° Ðsimple€battery.€The€facts€did€not€support€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€the€minor€hadÐ ° Ðbeen€involved€in€the€reported€fight€or€any€other€illegal€activity.а (#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Hoskingóó,€A111878€(First€District,€Division€Three)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%0#Ôó óÐ °  ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2007€WL€772600Ð Ô $ ÐFiled€3/15/2007Ð Ô $  ÐAttorney:€Roberta€SimonÐ Ô$  ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€a€motion€to€suppressÐ Ô$  Ðevidence.€The€prosecution€conceded€that€the€officer€detained€the€defendant€whenÐ Ô$  Ðhe€ordered€him€to€sit€on€the€curb€after€he€saw€the€defendant€walk€between€twoÐ Ô$ Ðparked€cars.€ò òThe€Court€of€Appeal€held€that€this€detention€was€not€supportedÐ Ô$ Ðby€the€requisite€reasonable€suspicion.ó ó€The€officer€stopped€the€defendant€becauseÐ Ø( Ðhe€was€on€foot,€late€at€night,€near€an€area€where€car€burglaries€had€been€reported.Ð Ü, ÐThe€defendant€did€not€flee,€exhibit€evasive€conduct,€or€loiter€in€the€area.ÐÜ,(#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Hammondóó,€H028901€(Sixth€District)ó óÐ Ü, ÐÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%N…#ÔÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2006€WL€3491727à À àà  à€Ð P ÐFiled:€12/5/2006Ð P ÐAttorney:€Stacy€SaettaÐ P ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ P Ðsuppress€evidence.€ò òThe€Court€held€that:€1)the€officer€detained€the€defendantÐ P Ðwhen€he€followed€him€for€several€minutes,€and€then€began€questioning€him;Ð  T Ðand€2)the€officer€lacked€legal€justification€to€detain€the€defendant€after€he€sawÐ !R Ðhim€engage€in€innocent€activity€in€a€high€crime€area.ó ó€At€6:30€p.m.,€a€narcoticsÐ "P Ðofficer€was€patrolling€an€area€of€downtown€San€Jose,€known€for€illegal€drugÐ #T Ðactivity.€He€saw€the€defendant,€an€African„American€male,€ð ðloiteringðð€at€a€busÐ $T Ðstop.€Several€buses€went€by,€and€the€defendant€did€not€board€them.€He€alsoÐ %T  Ðengaged€three€people€in€conversation.€Within€15€minutes,€the€officer€saw€theÐ &T!! Ðdefendant€at€another€bus€stop.€Again,€he€failed€to€board€any€buses€and€talked€toÐ 'T"" Ðpeople.€About€10€to€15€minutes€later,€the€officer€saw€the€defendant€at€a€third€busÐ (T## Ðstop.€This€time,€the€officer€parked€his€patrol€car€right€next€to€the€bench€where€theÐ )T$$ Ðdefendant€was€sitting.€The€defendant€then€boarded€a€bus,€but€got€off€four€blocksÐ *T%% Ðfrom€where€heððd€boarded.€When€the€defendant€saw€the€officer,€he€ð ðaverted€hisÐ +T&& Ðeyesðð€and€darted€into€a€Western€Union€store.€The€officer€then€exited€from€hisÐ ,T'' Ðpatrol€car,€followed€the€defendant€into€the€store,€and€stood€in€line€right€behind€him.Ð ° ÐThe€defendant€repeatedly€looked€at€the€officer.€After€the€defendant€finished€hisÐ ° Ðtransaction,€the€officer€started€talking€to€him,€immediately€asking€if€he€was€onÐ ° Ðprobation.€The€defendant€admitted€that€he€was€on€probation€for€prior€drugs€sales.Ð ° ÐThe€officer€believed€that€the€defendant€had€narcotics€secreted€in€his€mouth.€HeÐ ° Ðarrested€the€defendant,€and€forced€him€to€spit€out€six€rocks€of€cocaine.а (#(# ÐÌà0  àò òAfter€finding€that€the€defendant€was€detained,€the€Court€of€Appeal€concludedÐ °  Ðthat€the€detention€was€unlawful€ð!ð€unsupported€by€a€reasonable€suspicion€thatÐ ® þ Ðthe€defendant€was€loitering€with€the€intent€to€commit€a€narcotics€offense€orÐ ¬ ü  Ðengaged€in€any€other€criminal€activity.ó ó€The€Court€believed€that€the€officer€hadÐ ªú  Ðplaced€undue€emphasis€on€the€defendantððs€presence€in€a€high€crime€area€known€forÐ ®þ  Ðnarcotics€activity.€The€Court€emphasized€that€the€behavior€observed€by€the€officerÐ ®þ  Ðwas€totally€innocent;€the€defendant€was€merely€standing€at€bus€stops€during€rushÐ ®þ  Ðhour,€talking€to€people.€The€officer€made€ð ðno€observations€of€any€conduct€thatÐ ®þ  Ðeven€remotely€resembled€the€overture€to€a€drug€transaction.ðð€He€did€not€see€theÐ ®þ Ðdefendant€engage€in€hand„to„hand€contact€with€anyone€or€make€furtive€gestures.Юþ(#(# Ðà0  àThe€Court€concluded:€ð ðIf€the€defendantððs€acts€here€ð!ð€failing€to€board€a€bus,€talkingÐ ®þ Ðto€strangers€ð!ð€justify€a€detention€simply€because€he€performed€them€in€a€so„calledÐ ®þ Ðhigh€crime€area,€then,€in€effect,€police€could€properly€detain€every€person€in€suchÐ ®þ Ðareas€who€linger€too€long€at€bus€stops,€chatting€up€transit€riders,€but€not€detainÐ ®þ Ðpeople€for€similar€conduct€in€more€reputable€areas.ðð€If€the€police€were€granted€aÐ ®þ Ðlicense€to€detain€individuals€engaged€in€innocent€activities€in€high€crime€areas,€theÐ ®þ Ðð ðpolice€might€be€tempted€to€select€their€detainees€arbitrarily€...€on€the€basis€ofÐ ®þ Ðimproper€considerationsðð€such€as€race,€ethnicity€or€age.ðð€(See€òòUnited€States€v.Ð ®þ ÐMontero„Camargoóó€(9òòthóó€Cir.€2000)€208€F.3d€1122,€1129.)Юþ(#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Shermanóó,€H028702€(Sixth€District)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%È–#Ôó óÐ ®þ ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2006€WL€2425504Ð Ò " ÐFiled€8/22/2006à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àÐ Ò!" ÐAttorney:€Rudy€KraftÐ Ò"" ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ Ò$"  Ðsuppress€evidence.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€police€officers€lacked€a€reasonableÐ Ò%"!! Ðsuspicion€that€appellant€was€engaged€in€criminal€behavior,€as€necessary€toÐ Ö&&"" Ðdetain€him€as€he€sat€in€his€van€in€a€parking€lot.ó ó€The€officers€observed€theÐ Ô'$## Ðdefendant€sitting€inside€his€van,€in€a€busy€drug€store€parking€lot€in€the€lateÐ Ø(($$ Ðafternoon.€The€van€was€parked€so€as€to€face€the€storeððs€entrance.€The€defendantÐ Ø)(%% Ðseemed€to€be€looking€at€women€who€were€entering€and€leaving€the€store.€AlthoughÐ Ø*(&& Ðthey€could€only€see€the€upper€part€of€the€defendantððs€body,€the€officers€thought€heÐ Ø+('' Ðmight€be€holding€something€in€his€lap.€The€officers€believed€that€he€might€beÐ ° Ðmasturbating€and€thus€committing€indecent€exposure.€The€officerððs€suspicionÐ ° Ðturned€out€to€be€wrong.€However,€after€contacting€the€defendant€and€ordering€himÐ ° Ðout€of€the€car,€the€officers€discovered€an€illegal€knife€and€drug€paraphernalia.€Ð°(#(# Ðà0  àThe€Court€held€that€the€officers€lacked€reasonable€suspicion€to€detain€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€for€indecent€exposure€or€any€other€crime.€The€defendantððs€behavior,€asÐ °  Ðobserved€by€the€officers€ð!ð€sitting€in€a€parked€vehicle,€looking€at€women,€andÐ °  Ðpossibly€holding€something€in€his€lap€ð!ð€was€common€and€typically€innocent.€It€didÐ °  Ðnot€justify€a€detention€because€it€might€have€been€consistent€with€criminal€activity.а (#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Fosteróó,€A109083€(First€District,€Division€One)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%-Ÿ#Ôó óÐ °  ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2005€WL€2643315Ð Ô$  ÐFiled€10/17/2005Ð Ô$  ÐAttorney:€Richard€SuchÐ Ô$  ÐÌà0  àIn€this€Peopleððs€appeal,€the€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€the€trial€courtððs€grant€of€theÐ Ô$ Ðdefendantððs€suppression€motion.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€1)€the€police€officerÐ Ô$ Ðdetained€the€defendant,€and€2)the€detention€was€not€justified€by€the€requisiteÐ Ø( Ðreasonable€suspicion.€On€the€second€issue,€the€prosecution€had€failed€toÐ Ö& Ðestablish€that€Officer€Beard€had€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€the€defendantÐ Ô$ Ðwas€engaged€in€criminal€activity,€before€ordering€him€to€stopó ó.€The€CourtÐ Ò" Ðacknowledged€that€the€defendant€matched€the€description€of€the€alleged€thief€thatÐ Ö& Ðhad€been€broadcast€by€Sergeant€Orozco€on€the€police€radio.€However,€theÐ Ö& Ðprosecution€did€not€present€credible€evidence€showing€that€Officer€Beard€actuallyÐ Ö& Ðheard€this€broadcast€before€he€detained€the€defendant.ÐÖ&(#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòIn€re€Joshua€H.óó,€A107498€(First€District,€Division€Five)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%N¤#Ôó óÐ Ö& ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2005€WL€826977Ð úJ ÐFiled€4/8/2005Ð ú J ÐAttorney:€Alex€GreenÐ ú!J ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€juvenile€courtððs€denial€of€a€motion€to€suppress€aÐ ú#J Ðstun€gun€seized€from€the€minor€during€a€pat€search.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€policeÐ ú$J  Ðofficers€had€no€legal€right€to€detain€the€minor€based€on€a€vague€report.ó ó€TheÐ þ%N!! Ðpolice€responded€to€a€report€stating€that€there€had€been€a€ð ðphysical€disturbanceÐ 'R"" Ðwith€possible€weaponsðð€at€a€convenience€store.€The€store€was€located€in€a€highÐ (R## Ðcrime€area€known€for€drug€dealing.€When€they€arrived€at€the€store,€the€officers€sawÐ )R$$ Ðð ðsix€to€eight€subjects€hanging€outðð€in€the€parking€lot;€one€of€them€was€appellant.Ð *R%% ÐOfficers€detained€appellant€and€the€other€subjects€while€one€officer€went€into€theÐ +R&& Ðstore€to€question€the€clerk€who€had€reported€the€disturbance.€The€Court€concludedÐ ,R'' Ðthat€the€officers€lacked€a€reasonable€and€particularized€suspicion€that€appellant€hadÐ ° Ðcommitted€a€crime,€and€thus€the€detention€was€illegal.€The€store€clerkððs€report€of€aÐ ° Ðð ðphysical€disturbanceðð€did€not€report€the€number€of€persons€involved€or€describeÐ ° Ðthe€perpetrators.€Nor€did€the€clerk€indicate€when€the€alleged€crime€had€occurred.Ð ° ÐFinally,€the€officers€did€not€observe€appellant€do€anything€unusual€or€suspicious.а(#(# ÐÌò òòòÔ‡îº%ÏçÔÔ  ÔIII.€PAT€SEARCHESó óóóÔ ev{«ÔÐ °  ÐÌà  àÔ  Ôòòò òA.€RIGHT€TO€INITIATE€A€PAT€SEARCHÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%\«#Ôó óóóÔ evÔ«ÔÐ ú J ÐÌòòò òà0  àLegal€rule:ó óóó€A€patdown€search€is€justified€only€when€the€officer€reasonablyÐ n  Ðbelieves,€based€on€the€totality€of€the€circumstances,€that€the€particular€person€she€isÐ n  Ðquestioning€or€detaining€is€armed€and€dangerous.€(òòTerry€v.€Ohioóó€(1968)€392€U.S.Ð n  Ð1,€24;€òòMinnesota€v.€Dickersonóó€(1993)€508€U.S.€366,€373.)€The€officer€must€pointÐ n  Ðto€specific€facts,€available€at€the€commencement€of€the€search,€which€reasonablyÐ n Ðsuggest€she€is€dealing€with€an€armed€individual.€(òòTerry€v€Ohio,€supraóó.,€at€24.)Ðn(#(# ÐÌÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[P]€òòPeople€v.€Garcia€óó(2006)€145€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€782€(Second€District,Ð n ÐDivision€Five)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%ë®#ÔÐ B’ ÐFiled:€12/14/2006Ð f¶ ÐAttorney:€Kenneth€I.€Clayman€(Public€Defender)Ð f¶ ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ f¶ Ðsuppress.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€the€officer€lacked€reasonable€suspicion€forÐ f¶ Ðweapons€frisk€and€had€no€authority€to€search€the€defendant€for€identification.ó óÐ jº ÐAn€officer€lawfully€stopped€the€defendant€for€riding€his€bicycle€without€anÐ h¸ Ðoperative€headlamp,€a€violation€of€Vehicle€Code€section€21201(d).€He€asked€theÐ h¸ Ðdefendant€for€identification.€The€defendant,€who€spoke€Spanish€and€limitedÐ h ¸ ÐEnglish,€replied€that€he€had€no€identification.€The€officer€them€grabbed€theÐ h!¸ Ðdefendant€to€conduct€a€pat€search€for€identification.€He€wanted€to€locate€theÐ h"¸ Ðdefendantððs€identification€before€citing€him€for€the€headlamp€violation.€TheÐ h#¸ Ðdefendant€pulled€away,€and€the€officer€restrained€him€in€a€control€hold,€handcuffedÐ h$¸ Ðhim,€and€then€patted€him€down,€ultimately€finding€a€bag€of€methamphetamine€inÐ h%¸  Ðthe€defendantððs€pocket.€The€law€does€not€authorize€a€search€solely€for€evidence€ofÐ h&¸!! Ðidentification.€And€the€circumstances€did€not€support€a€weapons€frisk..׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ðh'¸""(#(# ЇÔ€îº%ÏçÔò ò[P]€òòUnited€States€v.€Flatteróó€(9òòthóó€Cir.€2006)€456€F.€3d€1154Ð ° Ðó óÔ€ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔFiled:€8/9/2006Ð Ô$ ÐAttorney:€Jeffry€K.€FinerÐ Ô$ ÐÌà0  àThe€Ninth€Circuit€Court€of€Appeals€reversed€the€district€courtððs€ruling€denying€theÐ Ô$ Ðdefendantððs€motion€to€suppress€evidence.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€the€officers€hadÐ Ô $ Ðno€right€to€pat€search€the€defendant€merely€because€they€were€concerned€thatÐ Ø ( Ðtheir€questioning€might€turn€confrontational;€the€officers€lacked€a€reasonableÐ Ö & Ðbelief€that€the€defendant€was€actually€armed.€ó óThe€defendant€was€a€postalÐ Ô $ Ðservice€employee,€and€the€officers€suspected€that€he€was€stealing€mail.€The€officersÐ Ø (  Ðplaced€decoy€packages€into€the€boxes€holding€sorted€mail,€hoping€to€catch€theÐ Ø(  Ðdefendant€in€the€act.€When€the€officers€discovered€that€one€of€the€decoy€packagesÐ Ø(  Ðwas€missing,€they€summoned€the€defendant€for€questioning.€Because€the€defendantÐ Ø(  Ðgave€evasive€answers,€the€officers€moved€the€interrogation€from€the€hallway€to€aÐ Ø(  Ðsmall€officeò ò.€ó ó€When€they€arrived€in€the€office,€an€officer€immediately€pat€searchedÐ Ø( Ðthe€defendant€for€weapons.€While€checking€for€weapons,€he€found€the€decoyÐ Ü, Ðpackage€in€the€defendantððs€pocket.€The€officer€who€searched€the€defendantÐ Ü, Ðtestified€that€he€conducted€the€frisk€out€of€concerns€for€officer€safety.€TheÐ Ü, Ðinterrogation€room€was€small,€and€he€feared€the€questioning€was€likely€to€becomeÐ Ü, Ðconfrontational.€He€want€to€assure€that€the€defendant€did€not€have€any€weapons,Ð Ü, Ðalthough€he€had€no€objective€reason€to€believe€the€defendant€was€armed.€InÐ Ü, Ðholding€that€the€officer€lacked€reasonable€suspicion€for€the€pat€search,€the€courtÐ Ü, Ðnoted€the€absence€of€several€factors:€The€officer€did€not€see€any€visible€bulges€inÐ Ü, Ðthe€defendantððs€clothing.€The€defendant€did€not€make€any€sudden€movements€orÐ Ü, Ðattempt€to€reach€into€his€pockets.€He€did€not€act€in€a€threatening€manner€or€haveÐ Ü, Ðany€known€history€of€violence.€Mail€theft€is€not€usually€committed€with€a€weapon.ò òÐÜ,(#(# ÐÌÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[P]€òòPeople€v.€Jordanóó€(2004)€121€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€544€(Fifth€District)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%O¿#ÔÐ Ú* ÐFiled:€8/10/2004Ð þ N ÐAttorney:€Larry€DixonÐ þ!N ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððsÐ þ#N Ðsuppression€motion.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€the€officer€had€no€right€to€stop€andÐ þ$N  Ðfrisk€the€defendant€merely€because€he€matched€the€description€of€a€personÐ &R!! Ðalleged€to€be€carrying€a€gun.ó ó€An€anonymous€tipster€called€911€and€reported€that€aÐ 'P"" Ðman€at€a€designated€location€had€a€handgun€concealed€in€his€right€jacket€pocket.Ð (T## ÐThe€suspect€was€described€as€a€Black€male€in€his€late€thirties€wearing€specificÐ )T$$ Ðclothing.€An€officer€received€this€description€and€went€to€the€designated€location,Ð *T%% Ðwhere€he€saw€a€man€(the€defendant)€who€matched€this€physical€description.€TheÐ +T&& Ðdefendant€was€sitting€on€a€park€bench€with€his€hands€in€his€lap.€He€was€wearingÐ ,T'' Ðð ðcumbersomeðð€clothing€and€a€jacket€that€concealed€his€waistband.€However,€theÐ ° Ðofficer€did€not€see€any€bulges€in€the€defendantððs€pockets,€and€he€did€not€see€a€gun.Ð ° ÐThe€defendant€did€not€reach€for€his€pocket,€and€he€did€not€make€any€threatening€orÐ ° Ðunusual€movements.€Nevertheless,€the€officer€detained€the€defendant€and€friskedÐ ° Ðhim,€discovering€a€gun€in€his€jacket€pocket.€Ð°(#(# ÐÌà0  àRelying€on€òòFlorida€v.€J.L.óó€(2000)€529€U.S.€266,€the€Court€of€Appeal,€held€that€theÐ °  Ðofficer€lacked€reasonable€suspicion€to€stop€and€frisk€the€defendant€based€solely€onÐ °  Ðthe€anonymous€tip€alleging€gun€possession€and€the€fact€that€the€defendant€wasÐ °  Ðwearing€concealing€clothing.€The€Court€emphasized€that€the€anonymous€tipsterððsÐ °  Ðallegation€was€not€corroborated€by€police€observations€of€suspicious€activity€orÐ °  Ðpredicted€conduct.€The€officer€had€corroborated€only€innocent€details€ð!ð€theÐ °  Ðsuspectððs€location€and€physical€description.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×а (#(# ÐÌÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòò òóó[UP]€òòIn€re€James€T.óó,€A114936€(First€District,€Division€Three)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%×È#ÔÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2007€WL€853843Ð Ô$ ÐFiled€3/22/2007Ð Ô$ ÐAttorney:€William€MountÐ Ô$ ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€juvenile€courtððs€denial€of€the€minorððs€motion€toÐ Ô$ Ðsuppress.€A€gun€was€removed€from€the€minorððs€pocket€during€a€pat€search.€ò òTheÐ Ô$ ÐCourt€held€that€the€officer€had€no€right€to€initiate€the€pat€search€because€heÐ Ø( Ðlacked€a€particularized€suspicion€that€the€minor€was€armed€based€onó ó€ò òtheÐ Ö& Ðcircumstancesó ó:€1)the€minor€was€present€in€a€high€crime€and€gang€area€where€twoÐ Ú* Ðhomicides€had€been€committed€the€previous€evening;€2)he€was€dressed€in€baggyÐ Þ. Ðclothing€that€could€have€conceivably€concealed€a€weapon;€and€3)€the€minor€was€inÐ Þ. Ða€group€of€eight€young€men€who€were€being€questioned€by€two€officers.ÐÞ.(#(# ЇÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[UP]€òòIn€re€James€M.óó,€H030160€(Sixth€District)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%XÍ#ÔÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2006€WL€3760030Ð Ô$ ÐFiled:€12/22/2006Ð Ô$ ÐAttorney:€Mikol€BenjacobÐ Ô$ ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€juvenile€courtððs€denial€of€the€minorððs€motion€toÐ Ô $ Ðsuppress.€ò òThe€Court€held€that:€1)€the€officers€had€no€right€to€pat€search€theÐ Ô $ Ðminor€merely€because€he€was€dressed€in€baggy€clothing€and€out€late€at€nightÐ Ø ( Ðwith€a€documented€gang€member;€and€2)the€minorððs€admission€that€he€had€aÐ Ö & Ðknife€did€not€purge€the€taint€of€the€illegal€police€conduct.ó ó€Sometime€after€1:00Ð Ô $  Ða.m.,€the€officer€observed€the€minor€walking€down€the€street€with€Jonathan.Ð Ø(  ÐBecause€both€appeared€young,€the€officers€contacted€them€about€a€possible€curfewÐ Ø(  Ðviolation.€Both€boys€gave€the€officer€their€names€and€birth€dates,€indicating€thatÐ Ø(  Ðthey€were€17.€The€officers€told€both€boys€to€sit€on€the€sidewalk.€A€second€officerÐ Ø(  Ðarrived€and€informed€the€initial€officer€that€Jonathan€was€a€ð ðdocumented€Ô_ÔNortenoÔ_ÔÐ Ø( Ðgang€Ô_Ômember.ððÔ_Ô€Because€of€this€information,€the€time€of€night,€and€their€baggyÐ Ø( Ðclothing,€the€officer€decided€to€frisk€both€boys€for€weapons.€The€officer€asked€theÐ Ø( Ðminor€to€stand€up€and€then€asked€him€if€he€had€a€weapon€or€anything€sharp€on€hisÐ Ø( Ðperson.€The€minor€admitted€he€had€a€knife.€The€officer€then€proceeded€with€the€patÐ Ø( Ðsearch€and€removed€the€knife€(an€illegal€dirk€or€dagger)€from€the€minorððsÐ Ø( Ðwaistband.€The€Court€of€Appeal€determined€that€the€circumstances€known€to€theÐ Ø( Ðofficer€did€not€support€a€reasonable€belief€that€the€minor€was€armed.€Moreover,€theÐ Ø( Ðminorððs€admission€that€he€was€carrying€a€knife€did€not€justify€the€search€as€it€wasÐ Ø( Ðthe€fruit€of€the€unlawful€conduct.ÐØ((#(# ÐÌÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Chaóó,€C049441€(Third€Appellate€District)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%CÖ#ÔÐ Ø( ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2006€WL€893628Ð üL ÐFiled:€4/7/2006Ð üL ÐAttorney:€Derek€KowataÐ ü L ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ ü"L Ðsuppress.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€the€officers€lacked€a€reasonable€belief€that€theÐ ü#L Ðdefendant€was€presently€armed,€as€necessary€to€justify€a€pat€search.ó ó€OfficersÐ %P  ÐBrown€and€Gin€were€responding€to€a€911€call€reporting€unsupervised€children€at€aÐ &T!! Ðresidence.€The€defendant€rode€up€on€his€bicycle€and€approached€Officer€Brown.Ð 'T"" ÐOfficer€Gin€told€Brown€to€immediately€pat€search€the€defendant.€Brown€friskedÐ (T## Ðthe€defendant,€and€reached€into€his€pocket€to€retrieve€a€hard€object.€As€he€pulledÐ )T$$ Ðout€the€object€(a€flashlight)€a€bag€of€methamphetamine€fell€to€the€ground.Ð *T%% ÐAccording€to€Brown,€the€defendant€did€not€do€anything€suggesting€that€heÐ +T&& Ðpossessed€a€weapon.€Gin€believed€the€defendant€might€be€armed€based€on€ð ðpriorÐ ,T'' Ðdealingsðð:€1)During€a€prior€arrest,€the€defendant€had€made€a€veiled€threat€towardÐ ° ÐGin.€2)Gin€remembered€that€an€unknown€citizen€had€alleged€that€the€defendantÐ ° Ðwas€possibly€armed,€but€he€could€not€recall€this€informantððs€identity.€Nor€could€heÐ ° Ðrecall€when€heððd€heard€this€allegation.€3)Gin€suspected€the€defendant€might€beÐ ° Ðinvolved€in€narcotics€activity.€The€Court€held€that€the€combination€of€theseÐ ° Ðcircumstances€did€not€support€a€reasonable€belief€that€the€defendant€was€armedÐ °  Ðduring€his€contact€with€Gin€and€Brown.€Nothing€about€the€veiled€threat€reasonablyÐ °  Ðsuggested€that€the€defendant€was€armed€when€he€made€it€or€at€any€other€time.€TheÐ °  Ðallegation€that€the€defendant€was€possibly€armed€was€made€by€an€anonymousÐ °  Ðinformant,€and€it€was€neither€detailed€nor€corroborated.€Finally,€Gin€provided€noÐ °  Ðfactual€basis€for€believing€that€the€defendant€was€involved€in€narcotics€activity.Ð °  Ðð ðTo€believe€that€a€suspect€carries€a€weapon€because€he€is€a€drug€dealer,€an€officerÐ °  Ðmust€first€have€reason€to€believe€that€the€suspect€does€in€fact€deal€drugs.ððа (#(# ÐÌà0  àÔ  Ôòòò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔB.€Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%Äà#ÔÔ‡îº%ÏçÔRIGHT€TO€PAT€SEARCH€VEHICLE€OCCUPANTS€DURINGÐ ° ÐA€TRAFFIC€STOPÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº% á#Ôó óóóÔ lo±àÔÐÔ$(#(# ÐÌòòò òà0  àLegal€ruleó óóó:€During€a€legal€traffic€stop,€an€officer€may€order€the€driver€andÐ øH Ðpassengers€to€exit€from€the€vehicle.€(See€òòPennsylvania€v.€Mimmsóó€(1977)€436€U.S.Ð øH Ð106,€110„111;€òòMaryland€v.€Wilsonóó€(1997)€519€U.S.€408,€417.€However,€this€doesÐ øH Ðnot€give€the€officer€the€automatic€right€to€pat€search€the€driver€or€passenger€forÐ øH Ðweapons.€A€police€officer€is€not€entitled€to€pat€search€every€person€whom€heÐ øH Ðcontacts,€questions,€or€orders€out€of€a€vehicle,€even€in€the€course€of€a€legitimateÐ øH Ðtraffic€detention.€(See€òòPeople€v.€Medinaóó€(2003)€110€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€171,€176„177;Ð øH ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Brownóó€(7òòthóó€Cir.€1999)€188€F.3d€860,€864;€òòPennsylvania€v.€Mimms,Ð øH Ðsupra.óó,€436€U.S.€at€110,€fn.€5.)ÐøH(#(# ÐÌòòò òóóÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòIn€re€James€J.óó,€A112762€(First€District,€Division€Four)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%~å#Ôó óÐ øH ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2006€WL€3088661Ð !l ÐFiled:€11/1/06Ð "l ÐAttorney:€Kathryn€SeligmanÐ #l ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€juvenile€courtððs€denial€of€the€minorððs€motion€toÐ %l  Ðsuppress.€Drugs€were€seized€from€the€minor€during€a€pat€search.€The€minor€wasÐ &l!! Ðthe€passenger€in€a€car€stopped€for€reckless€driving.€During€the€legal€traffic€stop,€heÐ 'l"" Ðwas€ordered€out€of€the€car€and€immediately€pat€searched.€ò òThe€Court€of€AppealÐ (l## Ðheld€that€the€circumstances€known€to€the€police€officer€did€not€support€aÐ  )p$$ Ðreasonable€belief€that€the€minor€was€armed.ó ó€ò òThe€officer€had€no€right€to€friskÐ *n%% Ðthe€minor€merely€because€he€was€dressed€in€baggy€clothing€that€concealed€hisÐ "+r&& Ðwaistband,€a€fashion€shared€by€a€majority€of€American€male€teenagers.ó ó€Ð°(#(# Ðà0  àThe€officer€observed€no€bulges€resembling€weapons€and€the€minor€made€noÐ ´ Ðthreatening€gestures.€Moreover,€an€anonymous€tip€alleging€that€the€minor€and€theÐ ´ Ðother€car€occupants€were€ð ðsmoking€dopeðð€did€not€justify€the€pat€search.€TheÐ ´ Ðofficerððs€personal€observations€did€not€corroborate€this€tip.€There€is€noÐ ´ Ðpresumption€that€drug€users,€as€opposed€to€drug€dealers,€are€frequently€armed.€AndÐ ´  Ðthere€was€no€evidence€that€the€vehicle€occupants€were€selling€drugs.д (#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Randleóó,€A108581€(First€District,€Division€Three)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%]ì#Ôó óÐ ´  ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2005€WL€3549481Ð Ø (  ÐFiled€12/29/2005Ð Ø(  ÐAttorney:€Kathryn€SeligmanÐ Ø(  ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ Ø(  Ðsuppress€drugs€found€during€a€pat€search.€During€a€legal€traffic€stop,€the€officerÐ Ø( Ðordered€the€defendant„driver€out€of€the€car€and€then€immediately€pat€searched€himÐ Ø( Ðas€a€ð ðbasic€officer€safety€measureðð€because€he€was€stopped€in€an€area€known€forÐ Ø( Ðhigh€narcotics€activity.€ò òThe€Court€of€Appeal€held€that€the€defendantððs€mereÐ Ø( Ðpresence€in€a€high€crime€area€at€7:30€in€the€evening€did€not€support€aÐ Ü, Ðreasonable€belief€that€he€was€personally€armed.ó ó€(See€òòPeople€v.€Medinaóó€(2003)Ð Ú* Ð110€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€171,€177„178.)€Moreover,€the€fact€that€the€defendantððs€passengerÐ Þ. Ðmay€have€been€a€drug€user€did€not€justify€the€pat„search.€The€connection€betweenÐ Þ. Ðnarcotics€and€weapons€recognized€in€the€case€law€concerns€drug€sellers€rather€thanÐ Þ. Ðdrug€users.€Reasonable€suspicion€may€not€be€based€on€mere€association.ÐÞ.(#(# ÐÐ  Þ. Ðà  àÔ  ÔÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòò òC.€SCOPE€OF€THE€PAT€SEARCHó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%Qò#ÔóóÔ loDòÔÐ ° ÐÌòòò òà0  àLegal€rule:ó óóó€€The€officer€may€pat„down€the€suspectððs€outer€clothing.€€(òòÔ_ÔSibronÔ_Ô€v.Ð Ô$ ÐNew€Yorkóó€(1968)€392€U.S.€40,€65.)€If€he€feels€an€object€which€he€reasonablyÐ Ô$ Ðbelieves€is€a€weapon€or€instrument€for€assault,€he€can€then€reach€into€the€suspectððsÐ Ô$ Ðpockets€to€remove€the€object€and€verify€its€character.€(òòIbid.óó)€Additionally,€if€theÐ Ô $ Ðofficer€feels€an€object€whose€contour€or€mass€makes€its€identity€as€contrabandÐ Ô $ Ðð ðimmediately€apparent,ðð€he€can€also€retrieve€that€object.€(òòMinnesota€v.€Dickersonóó,Ð Ô $ Ð(1993)€508€U.S.366,€375„76;€òòPeople€v.€Dickeyóó€(1994)€21€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€952,€957.)ÐÔ $(#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Melnykóó,€G035517€(Fourth€District,€Division€Three)Ô#†ŠÏçˆîîº%ö#Ôó óÐ Ô$  ÐÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2006€WL€1725611Ð øH  ÐFiled€6/23/2006Ð øH  ÐAttorney:€Richard€SchwartzbergÐ øH  ÐÌà  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ øH Ðsuppress.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€the€officer€exceeded€the€permissible€scope€of€a€lawfulÐ øH Ðpat€search€when€she€removed€all€the€items€from€the€defendantððs€pocket,€including€aÐ üL Ðcredit€card€which€turned€out€to€be€stolen.ó ó€Late€one€night,€the€officer€was€patrolling€aÐ úJ ÐYMCA€parking€lot,€in€response€to€complaints€about€transients.€She€was€also€aware€ofÐ þN Ðrecent€burglaries€and€vehicle€thefts€in€the€area€around€the€YMCA.€The€officer€lawfullyÐ þN Ðdetained€and€pat€searched€the€defendant€after€she€encountered€him€sleeping€in€the€parkingÐ þN Ðlot€and€noticed€suspicious€bulges€in€his€pants€pockets.€As€the€officer€patted€down€one€ofÐ þN Ðthe€bulges,€she€felt€a€hard€object€which€she€believed€might€be€a€folding€knife€or€otherÐ þN Ðweapon.€She€asked€the€defendant€if€she€could€ð ðtake€it€outðð,€and€he€said€ð ðsure.ðð€However,Ð þN Ðthe€officer€did€not€just€retrieve€the€hard€object,€an€Allen€wrench€set;€she€took€everythingÐ þN Ðout,€including€a€wallet€and€a€credit€card.€The€credit€card€bore€a€womanððs€name€and€wasÐ þN Ðlater€found€to€be€stolen.€The€Court€held€that€the€officer€had€no€right€to€empty€theÐ þN Ðdefendantððs€pocket€during€the€pat€search;€she€could€only€retrieve€the€hard€object€whichÐ þ N Ðshe€reasonably€believed€might€be€a€weapon.€Moreover,€the€defendant€did€not€consent€toÐ þ!N Ðthe€removal€of€all€these€items;€he€only€consented€to€the€removal€of€the€hard€object.Ð þ"N ÐÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòò òÐ  þ#N ÐÔ  ÔIV.€VEHICLE€STOPS€AND€SEARCHESó óóóÔ iawþÔÐ ° ÐÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%=þ#ÔÔ‡îº%ÏçÔÌà0  àÔ  Ôòòò òA.€STOP€OF€VEHICLE€AND€OCCUPANTS€FOR€VEHICLEÐ úJ ÐCODE€VIOLATION€OR€CRIMINAL€INVESTIGATIONó óóóÔ iaÿÔÐn(#(# ÐÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%óþ#ÔÌò òòòà0  àLegal€rule:óóó ó€In€order€to€stop€a€vehicle€and€detain€its€occupants,€a€police€officerÐ B ’ Ðmust€reasonably€suspect€that:1)the€driver€has€committed€a€Vehicle€Code€violationÐ B ’ Ð(òòWhren€v.€United€Statesóó€(1996)€517€U.S.€806,€812„813);€or€2)an€occupant€of€theÐ B ’ Ðvehicle€€is€engaged€in€other€criminal€behavior.€(òòUnited€States€v.€Arvizuóó€(2002)€U.S.Ð B ’ Ð266.)€Reasonable€suspicion€is€also€required€to€stop€a€pedestrian€or€a€bicyclist€for€aÐ B’  ÐVehicle€Code€violation.ÐB’ (#(# ÐÌò òÔ‡îº%ÏçÔ[P]€òòPeople€v.€Deanóó€(2007)€òò€€€óóCal.€App.€4òòthóó€òò€€€óó€(First€District,€Division€Two)ó óÐ B’  ÐÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%V#ÔÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2007€WL€4465368Ð f¶  ÐFiled€12/21/2007Ð f¶ ÐAttorney:€Elizabeth€GraysonÐ f¶ ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ f¶ Ðsuppress€evidence€obtained€during€a€traffic€stop.€ò òThe€Court€held€that:€1)theÐ f¶ Ðprosecution€failed€to€establish€reasonable€suspicion€for€the€traffic€stop€ð!ð€i.e.Ð jº Ðthat€the€defendantððs€registration€was€expired;€and€2)the€subsequent€arrestÐ h¸ Ðand€search€of€the€defendant€were€not€justified€by€the€fact€that€the€defendantÐ f¶ Ðdid€not€have€a€driverððs€license€as€the€officer€learned€this€during€the€illegalÐ d´ Ðstop.ó ó€€Officer€Hall,€a€member€of€the€narcotics€suppression€unit,€started€followingÐ b² Ðthe€defendantððs€minivan€after€he€noticed€there€were€expired€registration€tags€on€theÐ f¶ Ðrear€license€plate.€Officer€Hall€followed€the€van€for€some€time.€He€had€a€goodÐ f¶ Ðview€of€the€rear€window€and€could€see€through€that€window€to€the€interior.€HeÐ f¶ Ðclearly€saw€there€was€only€one€person,€the€driver,€in€the€van.€The€officer€did€notÐ f ¶ Ðnotice€whether€there€was€a€temporary€operating€permit€attached€to€the€vanððs€rearÐ f!¶ Ðwindow.€He€testified€that€it€was€possible;€he€did€not€recall€one€way€or€another.Ð f"¶ ÐAlthough€he€understood€the€legal€effect€of€a€temporary€operating€permit€(that€itÐ f#¶ Ðgave€the€owner€until€the€end€of€the€designated€month€to€complete€registration),Ð f$¶ ÐOfficer€Hall€testified€that€he€would€have€pulled€the€car€over€even€if€heððd€seen€theÐ f%¶  Ðsticker;€it€would€not€have€affected€his€determination€to€stop€the€minivan.€HallÐ f&¶!! Ðstopped€the€van.€When€he€got€to€the€driverððs€side,€he€recognized€the€defendantÐ f'¶"" Ðfrom€a€prior€contact.€He€discovered€that€the€defendant€did€not€have€his€license€orÐ f(¶## Ðregistration.€The€officer€asked€to€search€the€defendant,€and€he€consented.€HallÐ f)¶$$ Ðfound€cocaine€and€marijuana.€The€defendantððs€car€was€impounded€and€stored€at€aÐ f*¶%% Ðtow€lot.€It€appears€that€a€temporary€permit€was€displayed€on€the€rear€window€of€theÐ f+¶&& Ðdefendantððs€van,€as€it€was€still€affixed€to€that€window€when€a€defense€investigatorÐ ° Ðphotographed€the€van€at€the€tow€lot.€There€was€a€dispute€over€whether€the€permitÐ ° Ðwas€placed€in€the€correct€location€on€the€rear€window;€the€prosecution€argued€thatÐ ° Ðthe€permit€was€hard€to€see€due€to€fading€and€window€tinting.а(#(# ÐÌà0  àò òIn€holding€that€Officer€Hall€did€not€have€reasonable€suspicion€to€stop€theÐ °  Ðdefendantððs€van,€the€Court€focused€on€Hallððs€admission€that€he€wasÐ ® þ Ðcompletely€indifferent€regarding€the€temporary€operating€permit.ó ó€He€did€notÐ ¬ ü Ðlook€for€it,€although€he€admitted€he€had€a€very€clear€view€of€the€rear€window€andÐ °  Ðcould€see€into€the€vanððs€interior.€Moreover,€Hall€indicated€that€the€presence€of€theÐ °  Ðpermit€would€have€made€no€difference;€he€would€have€stopped€the€car€anyway.Ð °  ÐThe€Court€relied€on€òòPeople€v.€Nabongóó€(2004)€115€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€Supp€1.€In€òòNabongóó,Ð °  Ðthe€appellate€court€held€that€the€officer€improperly€stopped€the€defendantððs€car€forÐ °  Ðexpired€registration€tags€even€though€heððd€seen€a€temporary€operating€permit€in€theÐ °  Ðrear€window.€The€officer€initiated€the€stop€because€about€half€the€temporaryÐ ° Ðstickers€on€vehicles€heððd€stopped€had€proved€invalid.€The€officer€had€made€noÐ ° Ðeffort€to€verify€the€validity€of€the€defendantððs€permit€by€checking€with€dispatch.Ð ° ÐSimilarly,€in€the€present€case,€Officer€Hall€did€not€even€bother€to€look€for€a€permitÐ ° Ðon€the€rear€window,€even€though€he€had€the€opportunity€to€do€so.а(#(# ÐÌÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[P]€òòPeople€v.€Rodriguez€óó(2006)€143€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€1137€(Second€District,Ð ° ÐDivision€Seven)Ð Ô$ Ðó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%Ñ#ÔFiled:€10/10/2006Ð øH ÐAttorneys:€Richard€L.€FitzerÐ øH ÐÌà0  àò òThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððsÐ øH Ðmotion€to€suppress€and€remanded€the€case€to€the€trial€court€for€a€newÐ öF Ðevidentiary€hearing€on€the€question€of€whether€the€officers€had€reasonableÐ ôD Ðsuspicion€for€the€traffic€stop€ð!ð€i.e.€did€they€actually€see€a€burnt€out€brake€lightÐ ò B Ðon€the€defendantððs€car.ó ó€Two€police€detectives€assigned€to€the€gang€and€narcoticsÐ ð!@ Ðunit€stopped€a€car€driven€by€the€defendant€because€of€an€alleged€ð ðburnt€outðð€brakeÐ ô"D Ðlight.€The€officers€did€not€issue€a€citation€for€this€equipment€violation,€and€thereÐ ô#D Ðwas€some€evidence€suggesting€that€the€officers€fabricated€the€justification€for€theÐ ô$D  Ðstop€ð!ð€e.g.€the€brake€lights€were€operational€when€the€defendantððs€car€was€pickedÐ ô%D!! Ðup€from€the€police€impound€lot€three€days€after€the€stop.€After€pulling€the€car€over,Ð ô&D"" Ðthe€officers€ran€a€computer€check€and€discovered€that€the€defendant€had€anÐ ô'D## Ðoutstanding€arrest€warrant.€They€arrested€the€defendant,€searched€his€car,€andÐ ô(D$$ Ðdiscovered€methamphetamine.Ðô)D%%(#(# Ðà0  àÐ ô*D&&(#(# Ðà0  àThe€trial€court€had€declined€to€rule€on€whether€the€officers€had€reasonableÐ ° Ðsuspicion€for€the€traffic€stop.€The€court€believed€that€this€issue€was€irrelevantÐ ° Ðbecause€any€taint€arising€from€the€alleged€unlawful€stop€was€dissipated€by€theÐ ° Ðdiscovery€of€the€defendantððs€arrest€warrant.€Thereafter,€he€was€lawfully€arrestedÐ ° Ðand€the€car€was€searched€incident€to€that€arrest.€The€Court€of€Appeal€disagreed.Ð ° ÐApplying€the€three„part€analysis€of€òòBrown€vóó.€òòIllinoisóó€(1975)€422€U.S.€590,€TheÐ °  ÐCourt€held€that€discovery€of€the€arrest€warrant€did€not€purge€the€taint€of€the€illegalÐ °  Ðstop.€Although€the€discovery€of€the€warrant€was€a€significant€ð ðinterveningÐ °  ÐÔ_Ôcircumstance,ððÔ_Ô€only€moments€passed€between€the€stop€and€the€warrant€check.Ð °  ÐMost€significantly,€if€the€officers€fabricated€the€reason€for€the€traffic€stop,€thisÐ °  Ðwould€qualify€as€flagrant€misconduct:€ð ðThe€subsequent€discovery€of€lawfulÐ °  Ðgrounds€to€arrest€and€search€the€defendant€does€not€dissipate€the€taint€of€such€aÐ °  Ðflagrant€violation€of€the€defendantððs€constitutional€rights€and€societyððs€necessaryÐ °  Ðtrust€in€its€law€enforcement€officers.ðð€Finally,€the€Court€of€Appeal€rejected€theÐ °  Ðprosecutionððs€contention€that€the€exclusionary€rule€should€not€apply€here€even€ifÐ ° Ðthe€initial€traffic€stop€was€unlawful.€On€the€contrary,€suppression€of€the€evidenceÐ ° Ðwould€be€the€appropriate€remedy€if€the€trial€court€found€that€the€officers€fabricatedÐ ° Ðthe€reason€for€the€traffic€stop.а(#(# ÐÌÔ‡îº%ÏçÔò ò[P]€òòPeople€v.€Ramirezóó€(2006)€140€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€849€(Second€District,Ð ° ÐDivision€One)ó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%|!#ÔÐ Ô$ ÐFiled:€6/21/2006Ð øH ÐAttorney:€Derek€K.€KowataÐ øH ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ øH Ðsuppress.€ò òThe€Court€held€that€the€officers€lacked€a€reasonable€suspicion€toÐ øH Ðstop€the€defendant,€a€pedestrian,€for€jaywalking.ó ó€From€his€patrol€car,€the€officerÐ üL Ðsaw€the€defendant€cross€diagonally€at€an€intersection€and€then€walk€toward€theÐ  P Ðpatrol€car€which€was€stopped€at€a€stop€sign.€The€officer€drove€up€to€the€defendant,Ð !P Ðwho€he€knew€from€prior€contacts.€He€told€him€to€put€his€hands€on€his€head.€TheÐ "P Ðdefendant€turned€to€run,€but€the€officer€restrained€him,€searched€him,€and€retrievedÐ #P Ða€gun.€The€Court€held€that€the€detention€was€illegal.€The€officer€lacked€aÐ $P Ðreasonable€suspicion€that€the€defendant€had€violated€Vehicle€Code€section€21954.Ð %P  ÐThat€section€requires€pedestrians€who€cross€outside€the€crosswalk€to€yield€theÐ &P!! Ðright„of„way€to€vehicles€that€are€near€enough€to€constitute€an€immediate€hazard.€ItÐ 'P"" Ðdoes€not€prohibit€simply€crossing€outside€of€a€crosswalk.€In€this€case,€there€was€noÐ (P## Ðindication€that€the€defendant€had€failed€to€yield€the€right„of„way.€The€CourtÐ )P$$ Ðcommented€that€the€officer€reliance€on€section€21954€appeared€to€be€ð ðanÐ *P%% Ðimpermissible€ruse€to€stop€and€searchðð€the€defendant.€ð ðWe€see€only€a€subterfuge,Ð +P&& Ðand€no€legal€basis€for€the€stop.ððÐ,P''(#(# ÐÔ€îº%ÏçÔò ò[P/UP]€òòPeople€v.€Hernandezóó€(2006)€146€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€773€(Third€District)ó óÐ ° Ðò òNOTE:€ON€3/21/2007,€THE€CALIFORNIA€SUPREME€COURTÐ Ô$ ÐGRANTED€REVIEW€AND€DEPUBLISHED€THIS€CASE€(S150038)ó ó׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ò òÐ øH Ðó óÔ‡ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔFiled:€12/18/2006Ð l ÐAttorney:€Robert€Derham€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð  l ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ  l Ðsuppress,€and€also€reversed€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€resisting€an€officer€inÐ  l Ðthe€lawful€performance€of€his€duties.€ò òThe€Court€held€the€officer€lackedÐ  l Ðreasonable€suspicion€for€a€traffic€stop.€The€officer€had€no€reasonable€groundsÐ  p  Ðto€stop€the€defendantððs€car€for€having€no€license€plates€when€a€temporaryÐ n  Ðoperating€permit€was€lawfully€placed,€valid€on€its€face,€and€seen€by€theÐ l  Ðofficer.ó ó€An€officer€stopped€the€defendantððs€truck€because€it€had€no€license€plates.Ð j  ÐBefore€stopping€the€truck,€the€officer€had€observed€a€temporary€operating€permitÐ n  Ðin€the€truckððs€rear€window.€(These€permits€are€provided€pending€the€issuance€ofÐ n Ðlicense€plates€to€show€all€fees€have€been€paid€to€the€DMV.)€The€permit€displayedÐ n Ðon€the€defendantððs€truck€appeared€valid€on€its€face,€but€the€officer€stopped€theÐ n Ðdefendant€because€in€his€experience,€temporary€operating€permits€are€ð ðvery€oftenððÐ n Ðforged.€The€officer€had€no€reason€to€believe€that€the€permit€on€the€defendantððsÐ n Ðtruck€was€forged.€After€the€defendant€was€pulled€over,€he€resisted€the€officerððsÐ n Ðorder€that€he€exit€from€the€truck.€Ðn(#(# ÐÌà0  àRelying€on€òòPeople€v.€Nabongóó€(2004)€115€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€Supp.€1,€the€Court€ofÐ n ÐAppeal€held€that€the€officerððs€personal€experience€that€temporary€operating€permitsÐ n Ðare€ð ðvery€often€forgedðð€did€not€provide€reasonable€suspicion€for€the€traffic€stop.Ð n ÐThe€officer€did€not€specify€how€many€times€he€had€stopped€cars€with€temporaryÐ n Ðpermits,€and€then€learned€they€were€forged.€The€officer€did€not€state€any€reasonsÐ n Ðfor€concluding€that€the€specific€permit€on€the€defendantððs€car€was€forged.€TheÐ  n ÐCourt€noted€that€the€officerððs€reasoning€would€support€a€traffic€stop€in€every€caseÐ !n Ðwhere€the€vehicle€has€no€plates€but€displays€a€temporary€operating€permit.Ð"n(#(# ÐÔ#†îº%Ïç\*#ÔÐ #n Ðò ò[UP]€òòIn€re€Orlando€V.óó,€A113382€(First€District,€Division€One)ó óÐ ° ÐÔ‡ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2007€WL€81792Ô#†îº%Ïç¯4#ÔÔ‡ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔÐ Ô$ ÐFiled€1/12/2007Ð Ô$ ÐAttorney:€Jeremy€PriceÐ Ô$ ÐÔ#†îº%Ïç05#ÔÌà0  àÔ‡ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€juvenile€courtððs€denial€of€the€minorððs€motion€toÐ ú J Ðsuppress.€ò òThe€officer€stopped€a€car€and€detained€the€occupants€to€investigate€aÐ ú J Ðcrime,€not€a€Vehicle€Code€violation.ó ó€ò òThe€Court€of€Appeal€held€that€the€officerÐ þ N Ðlacked€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€the€carððs€occupants€were€criminallyÐ  R Ðinvolved,€as€necessary€to€justify€the€detention.ó ó€The€minor€was€a€passenger€in€aÐ P  Ðgreen€Honda€Civic.€€The€officer€stopped€the€Honda€because€it€matched€theÐ T  Ðdescription€of€a€vehicle€allegedly€used€in€a€crime€two€days€earlier.€The€Court€heldÐ T  Ðthat€the€mere€fact€that€the€car€was€of€the€same€color€and€model€as€the€vehicle€usedÐ T  Ðin€the€crime€did€not€provide€reasonable€suspicion.€There€are€lots€of€green€HondaÐ T  ÐCivics.€The€witness€had€provided€no€further€identifying€characteristics€(e.g.€aÐ T Ðlicense€plate€number),€and€48€hours€had€elapsed€since€the€crime.€The€officer€didÐ T Ðnot€observe€the€occupants€prior€to€stopping€the€car.€During€the€illicit€detention,€theÐ T Ðofficer€learned€that€the€minor€was€on€probation€with€a€search€condition.€ThisÐ T Ðdiscovery€was€the€tainted€fruit€of€the€illegal€stop€and€did€not€justify€the€subsequentÐ T Ðsearch€of€the€vehicle.Ô#†îº%Ïçã5#ÔÐT(#(# ÐÌò ò[UP]€òòPeople€v.€Loweryóó,€G035845€(Fourth€District,€Division€Three)ó óÐ *z ÐÔ€ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔÔ_ÔWestlawÔ_Ô€citation:€2006€WL€1816937Ð Nž ÐFiled€6/30/2006Ð Nž ÐAttorney:€Maureen€ShanahanÐ Nž ÐÌà0  àThe€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ Nž Ðsuppress.€The€defendant€had€consented€to€a€search€during€a€traffic€stop.€ò òThe€CourtÐ N ž Ðheld€that€this€consent€was€invalid€as€it€was€obtained€during€an€illegal€trafficÐ R!¢ Ðstop.€The€officer€who€stopped€the€defendantððs€van€had€lacked€a€reasonableÐ P"  Ðsuspicion€that€she€violated€the€Vehicle€Code.€ó óThe€defendant€was€stopped€forÐ N#ž Ðfailing€to€signal€a€right€turn,€an€alleged€violation€of€Vehicle€Code€section€22107.Ð R$¢ ÐHowever,€that€section€only€requires€the€driver€to€signal€a€turn€if€ð ðany€other€vehicleÐ R%¢  Ðmay€be€affected€by€the€movement.ðð€(See€òòPeople€v.€Cartwrightóó€(1999)€72€Cal.€App.Ð R&¢!! Ð4òòthóó€1362,€1366,€fn.€6:€òòPeople€v.€Mirandaóó€(1993)€17€Cal.€App.€4òòthóó€917,€930.)€In€thisÐ R'¢"" Ðcase,€the€prosecution€did€not€present€evidence€showing€that€any€vehicles€mightÐ R(¢## Ðhave€been€affected€by€the€defendantððs€turn.ÐR)¢$$(#(# ÐÐ  R*¢%% Ðà  àÔ  ÔÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòò òB.€WHO€IS€DETAINED€DURING€A€TRAFFIC€STOPó óóóÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%¾A#ÔÔ  ±AÔÐ ° ÐÌÔ€îº%ÏçÔò ò[P]€òòBrendlin€v.€Californiaóó€(2007)€127€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€2400€(U.S.€Supreme€Court)ó óÐ Ô$ ÐÔ€ŠÏçˆîîº%ÔFiled:€6/18/2007Ð øH ÐAttorney:€Elizabeth€CampbellÐ øH ÐÌà0  àò òVacating€a€contrary€decision€by€the€California€Supreme€Court€(òòPeople€v.Ð ø H ÐBrendlinóó€(2006)€38€Cal.€4òòthóó€1107),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€held,€in€aÐ ö F Ðunanimous€decision,€that€passengers€as€well€as€drivers€are€detained€during€anÐ ô D Ðillegal€traffic€stop.€Thus,€all€occupants€of€the€vehicle€can€challenge€the€stopÐ ò B  Ðand€seek€to€suppress€any€evidence€seized€as€a€result€of€the€stop.ó ó€Applying€theÐ ð@  Ðwell„established€rules€distinguishing€a€detention€from€a€consensual€encounter,€theÐ ôD  Ðcourt€held€that€when€a€vehicle€is€pulled€over€by€the€police,€a€reasonable€passengerÐ ôD  Ðwould€not€feel€free€to€disregard€the€police€or€depart€the€scene€without€policeÐ ôD  Ðpermission.€Moreover,€the€passenger€submits€to€the€officers€show€of€authority€byÐ ôD Ðremaining€in€the€car,€or€by€exiting€from€the€vehicle€if€the€officer€orders€him€to€doÐ ôD Ðso.€The€Court€noted€that€a€traffic€stop€necessarily€curtails€the€actual€physicalÐ ôD Ðmovement€of€both€the€driver€and€the€passenger.€Both€are€subject€to€intrusions€onÐ ôD Ðtheir€privacy€and€personal€security.ÐôD(#(# ÐÌà  àÔ  ÔÔ‡îº%ÏçÔòòò òC.€ILLEGAL€SEARCH€OF€VEHICLE€DURING€OR€AFTER€A€Ð ôD Ðà  àLEGITIMATE€TRAFFIC€STOPóóÔ  —HÔÐ h Ðó óÔ#†ŠÏçˆîîº%¤H#ÔÌòòò òà0  àLegal€rule:ó óóó€After€initiating€a€traffic€stop€for€an€observed€or€suspected€VehicleÐ <Œ ÐCode€violation,€the€officer€can€briefly€detain€the€driver€(and€passengers)€while€sheÐ <Œ Ðinvestigates€the€violation€and€expeditiously€performs€the€duties€incident€to€theÐ <Œ Ðcitation€process€(e.g.€examining€the€driverððs€license,€running€any€computer€checks,Ð <Œ Ðwriting€a€citation€or€issuing€a€warning).€(See€òòPeople€v.€McGaughranóó€(1979)€25Ð < Œ ÐCal.€3d€577,€584;€òòUnited€States€v.€Bloomfieldóó€(8òòthóó€Cir.€1994)€40€F.3d€910,€915.)Ð