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Ð27€Cal.3d€519;€òòPeople€v.€Johnsonóó€(1980)€26€Cal.3d€557,€574„575.)€If€you€have€a€very€strong€995Ð °!" Ðor€1382€issue,€consider€filing€a€writ.Ýƒ3£~«ÝŒÐ"à#(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£ÒÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòðð€1538.5€rulingsð"ðno€writ€petition€necessary.óó€€A€1538.5€denial€is€cognizable€on€a€post„trialÐ P$ % Ðor€post„plea€appeal.€Though€you€may€have€tactical€reasons€for€seeking€immediate€writÐ 4%„ & Ðreview,€itððs€not€necessary€to€file€a€writ€in€order€to€preserve€the€issue.€But€denial€of€1538.5Ð &d!' Ðmotion€by€magistrate€is€not€appealable€unless€renewed€before€superior€court.€(ðð1538.5Ð ô&D"( Ðrulings€òòonlyóó€apply€to€search„and„seizure€issues,€not€to€òòMirandaóó€and€other€confession„relatedÐ Ô'$#) Ðissues.)òòóóÝƒ3£ÒÿÝŒÐ´($*(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£ÜÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòJudicial€disqualification€ð!ð€writ€statutorily€required.óó€€€By€statute,€a€writ€petition€is€the€òòonlyòòóóÐ t*Ä%, Ðóóavailable€means€for€obtaining€appellate€review€of€a€denial€of€a€motion€to€disqualify€a€judgeÐ X+¨&- Ðor€of€a€denial€of€a€peremptory€challenge€to€a€judge.€€These€issues€are€not€reviewable€on€aÐ 8,ˆ'. Ðpost„trial€appeal.€€(Code€Civ.€Proc.€ðð€170.3(d);€see€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔPanahÔ_Ôóó€(2005)€35€Cal.4th€395,€444„Ð -h(/ Ð445.)Ýƒ3£Ü ÝŒÐ#ø-H)0(#(#« #ÐŒÝ ÝÔ_ÔòòÔ&¤ÔObtain€òòFinalóó€Rulings€on€Objections€&€MotionsóóÐ ° ÐØ! !ØÓ€ , !"#$(öësy% !"#$ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£®ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòIn€limine€motions.€óóIn€order€to€preserve€issue,€motion€in€limine€must€meet€all€these€Ô'¤°¶Ôcriteria:Ð tÄ Ðð ð(1)€a€specific€legal€ground€for€exclusion€is€advanced€and€subsequently€raised€on€appeal;Ð T¤ Ð(2)€the€motion€is€directed€to€a€particular,€identifiable€body€of€evidence;€and€(3)€the€motionÐ 4„ Ðis€made€at€a€time€before€or€during€trial€when€the€trial€judge€can€determine€the€evidentiaryÐ d Ðquestion€in€its€appropriate€context.ðð€(òòPeople€v.€Morrisóó€(1991)€53€Cal.3d€152,€190;€òòPeople€v.Ð ô D ÐRowlandóó€(1992)€4€Cal.4th€238,€264€fn.€3.)€Ýƒ3£®ÛÝŒÐÔ $(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£ìÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝIf€there€is€any€doubt€whether€the€trial€judge€has€made€a€òòfinalóó€ruling,€be€sure€to€òòreiterateóó€yourÐ ”ä Ðobjection€or€other€motion€when€the€pertinent€evidence€is€actually€offered€at€trial.€€(òòMorrisóó,Ð t Ä Ðòòsupraóó,€53€Cal.3d€at€p.€191.)Ýƒ3£ìÝŒÐT¤ (#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£½ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝThese€rules€generally€apply€only€to€in€limine€rulings,€òòby€the€trial€judgeóó,€at€the€beginningÐ d Ðof€or€during€trial.€€With€the€exception€of€ðð€1538.5€rulings€on€search„and„seizure€issues,€otherÐ øH Ðtypes€of€pre„trial€evidentiary€rulings€(e.g.,€on€a€ðð€995€motion)€generally€do€not€carry€overÐ Ø( Ðto€the€trial,€so€itððs€necessary€to€renew€those€arguments€at€trial.€Ýƒ3£½êÝŒÐ¸(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝOn€retrial,€donððt€assume€objections€at€first€trial€will€carry€over€to€the€retrial.Ýƒ3£GÝŒÐxÈ(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝòòJury€Selection€IssuesóóÐ 8ˆ ÐØ! !ØÓ€ , !"#$(öëss, !"#$ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£÷ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòQuestionnaires.€óóMake€sure€court€preserves€juror€questionnaires€(including€those€of€removedÐ øH Ðjurors).Ýƒ3£÷$ ÝŒÐØ((#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£*!ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòWheeler„Batson€motions.€óó€Ýƒ3£*!W!ÝŒÐ˜è(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ÿ!Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝDescribe€on€the€record€òònumerical€pattern€óóof€DAððs€challenges,€in€two€ways:€(a)€DAððsÐ X¨ Ðchallenges€against€the€relevant€group€vs.€total€number€exercised€by€DA€(e.g.,€DAÐ 8ˆ Ðhas€exercised€6€of€his€8€challenges€against€blacks),€and€(b)€DAððs€challenges€againstÐ h Ðgroup€vs.€total€jurors€of€that€group€(e.g.,€DA€has€removed€5€out€of€the€6€blacks€in€theÐ øH Ðvenire).Ýƒé;ÿ!,"ÝŒÐØ(` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;$Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝIdentify€òòanything€else€óósupporting€inference€DA€is€exercising€challenges€inÐ ˜!è! Ðdiscriminatory€manner:€e.g.,€removed€jurorsðð€characteristics,€DAððs€use€of€disparateÐ x"È" Ðquestions,€DA€found€to€have€violated€òòBatsonóó€in€another€trial.€In€òòIn€re€Freemanóó,€no.Ð X#¨# ÐS122590€(to€be€argued€Mar.€8,€2006)€the€Cal.€Supreme€Court€has€ordered€briefing€onÐ 8$ˆ$ Ðthis€quesÔ_ÔtionÔ_Ô:€ð ðHas€a€violation€of€òòPeople€v.€Wheeler€óó(1978)€22€Cal.3d€258€or€òòBatson€v.Ð %h % ÐKentucky€óó(1986)€476€U.S.€79€been€stated€if€the€habeas€corpus€record€fails€to€establishÐ ø%H!& Ðthat€the€excused€juror€was€in€fact€a€member€of€the€cognizable€group€asserted€by€theÐ Ø&("' Ðparty€challenging€the€exercise€of€the€peremptory€challenge?ðð€€àxààÐ àÝƒé;$®$ÝŒÐ¸'#(` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;¿(Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòComparison€between€challenged€and€unchallenged€jurors.€€óóSpecifically€note€if€the€DA€hasÐ x)È$* Ðpassed€on€other€non„minority€jurors€with€identical€characteristics€which€supposedlyÐ X*¨%+ Ðmotivated€the€peremptory€challenges.€€(E.g.,€DA€asserts€a€relativeððs€misdemeanorÐ 8+ˆ&, Ðarrest€as€the€reason€for€his€removal€of€a€minority€juror,€but€did€not€challenge€whiteÐ ,h'- Ðjurors€whose€relatives€had€similar€arrests.)€€€The€U.S.€Supreme€Court€has€recognizedÐ ° Ðsuch€comparisons€between€challenged€minority€jurors€and€unchallenged€whiteÐ à Ðjurors€as€a€vital€tool€in€assessing€whether€a€prosecutorððs€stated€reasons€wereÐ pÀ Ðgenuine€or€Ô_ÔpretextualÔ_Ô.€€(òòMiller„El€v.€Ô_ÔDretkeÔ_Ôóó€(2005)€545€U.S.€231.)€€In€the€past,€theÐ P ÐCalifornia€Supreme€Court€has€resisted€juror€comparisons,€initially€maintaining€thatÐ 0€ Ðthey€had€no€role€in€òòWheeler„Batsonóó€analysis€and€then€later€claiming€that€suchÐ ` Ðcomparisons€were€permissible€only€if€they€were€first€raised€in€the€trial€court€€(SeeÐ ð @ ÐòòPeople€v.€Johnson€óó(2003)€30€Cal.4th€1302,€1318„1325,€reversed€on€other€grounds€inÐ Ð ÐòòMiller„Elððóós€companion€case,€òòJohnson€v.€California€óó(2005)€545€U.S.€162.)€€€In€the€wakeÐ ° Ðof€òòMiller„Elóó,€the€California€Supreme€Court€has€several€times€ð ðassumed€withoutÐ à Ðdecidingðð€that€jurors€comparisons€are€appropriate€on€appeal,€even€if€not€urged€inÐ p À Ðthe€trial€court.€€€(E.g.,€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔZambranoÔ_Ôóó€(July€30,€2007;€S035368)€__€Cal.4th€__,€2007Ð P ÐWL€2164057.)€€But€it€has€conspicuously€left€the€question€open.€€In€light€of€theÐ 0€ ÐCalifornia€courtsðð€historic€reluctance€to€engage€in€such€comparisons€(despite€theirÐ ` Ðendorsement€by€the€U.S.€Supreme€Court),€defense€counsel€should€be€sure€toÐ ð@ Ðspecifically€raise€these€comparisons€in€the€trial€court€to€avoid€any€risk€that€they€mayÐ Ð Ðbe€deemed€waived.Ýƒé;¿(ì(ÝŒÐ°` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;B2Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝNote€whether€DAððs€proffered€reasons€violate€òòWheeleóór€and€òòBatsonóó€in€some€òòadditionalóóÐ pÀ Ðrespectð"ði.e.,€DA€defends€against€initialòò€óóclaim€of€racial€discrimination€byÐ P Ðvolunteering€some€òòotheróó€group€bias€(e.g.,€òògender,€national€originóó,€òòreligionóó).€€TheÐ 4„ ÐSupreme€Court€has€refused€to€consider€òòWheeler„Batsonóó€claims€based€on€other€formÐ d Ðof€ð ðgroup€biasðð€where€the€òòWheeler„Batsonóó€motion€only€referred€to€race.€€(Cf.€òòPeopleÐ ôD Ðv.€Hayesóó€(1990)€52€Cal.3d€577,€604„605;€€òòPeople€v.€Howardóó€(1992)€1€Cal.4th€1132,€1157„Ð Ô$ Ð1159.)Ýƒé;B2o2ÝŒÐ´` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;Ã5Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝA€òòWheeler€óóobjection€at€trial€allows€defendant€to€raise€a€òòBatson€óóclaim€on€appeal.Ð tÄ Ð(òòPeople€v.€Yeomanóó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€93,€117„118.)Ýƒé;Ã5ð5ÝŒÐT¤` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£57ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòChallenges€for€causeóó.€€€Where€the€judge€denies€a€defense€challenge€for€cause,€the€issue€isÐ d Ðonly€reviewable€on€appeal€if€defense€counsel€follows€òòallóó€of€the€following€steps:€€(1)€DefenseÐ øH Ðlater€uses€a€peremptory€challenge€to€remove€the€juror;€(2)òòexhaustsóó€all€defense€peremptoriesÐ Ø( Ð(or€justifies€the€€failure€to€exhaust€them);€and€(3)€expresses€dissatisfaction€with€the€final€juryÐ ¸ Ðpanel€as€sworn€and/or€unsuccessfully€requests€an€òòadditional€peremptoryóó.€(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòTerryóóÐ ˜!è! Ð(1994)€30€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€97,€103„104;€òòPeopleóó€v.€òòShambatuyevóó€(1996)€50€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€267.)Ýƒ3£57b7ÝŒÐx"È"(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÑÏ°ÑòòÑ€¿[ÑEvidentiary€&€Other€Trial€Objections/Motionsð!ðinclude€Every€Ground€òòand€FederalizeóóóóÐ 8$ˆ$ ÐØ! !ØÓ€ % !"#$(è–ys, !"#$ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£<ÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝThe€California€Supreme€Court€has€enforced€with€a€vengeance€the€statutory€rule€limitingÐ ü%L!& Ðappellate€review€to€ð ðthe€specific€groundðð€stated€in€the€objection€or€motion.€(Evid.€Code€ððÐ Ü&,"' Ð353.)€€The€Court€has€frequently€refused€to€consider€the€federal€constitutional€infringementsÐ ¼'#( Ðcaused€by€various€evidentiary€rulings€(e.g.,€hearsay,€other€offenses)€where€the€objection€atÐ œ(ì#) Ðtrial€referred€only€to€the€state€law€ground.€€(E.g.,€òòPeopleóó€v.€òòBarnettóó€(1998)€17€Cal.4th€1044,Ð |)Ì$* Ð1119€fn.€54;€òòPeople€v.€Rodriguesóó€(1994)€8€Cal.4th€1060,€1116€fn.€20;€òòPeople€v.€Ashmusóó€(1991)€54Ð \*¬%+ ÐCal.3d€932,€972€fn.€10.)€In€òòPeople€v.€Partidaóó€(2005)€27€Cal.4th€428,€431,€the€Court€retreatedÐ <+Œ&, Ðsomewhat€from€this€hard€line,€holding€that€on€appeal€a€defendant€may€argue€that€a€state„Ð ,l'- Ðlaw€evidentiary€violation€(e.g.€ðð352)€had€the€additional€legal€consequence€of€violating€theÐ ü,L(. ÐÑ¿[Ñâ âÑ„ÏÑâ âÑ Ñfederal€constitution€(e.g.€due€process),€as€long€as€the€constitutional€claim€is€not€based€onÐ ° Ða€reason€not€included€in€the€trial€court€objection.€As€many€constitutional€claims€requireÐ à Ðexclusion€of€evidence€for€reasons€different€than€the€reasons€for€exclusion€under€state€law,Ð pÀ Ðthe€better€practice€remains€to€assert€in€the€trial€court€both€the€state€and€federal€grounds€forÐ P Ðthe€error.€€While€until€recently,€confrontation€clause€argument€closely€paralleled€stateÐ 0€ Ðhearsay€rules,€that€is€no€longer€true€after€òòCrawfordóó.€€Evidence€which€would€be€admissibleÐ ` Ðunder€the€terms€of€certain€hearsay€exceptions€will€often€still€violate€the€confrontation€clauseÐ ð @ Ðunder€the€revised€standards€articulated€in€Crawford.€For€instance,€in€an€elder€abuse€case,€Ð Ð Ða€challenge€under€section€1380€to€the€admission€of€an€unavailable€witnessððs€statement€onÐ ° Ðthe€basis€that€it€was€not€made€under€circumstances€indicating€trustworthiness,€would€notÐ à Ðpreserve€a€òòCrawfordóó€challenge.€Ýƒ3£<G<ÝŒÐp À (#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£¼EÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòAlways€state€on€the€record€every€potentially€applicable€ground€for€your€objection€orÐ 0€ Ðmotion.óó€€E.g.€in€opposing€admission€of€the€priors€or€other€misconduct,€argue€òòbothóó€that€theÐ d Ðevidence€violates€the€specific€statutes€limiting€ð ðother€offensesðð(Evid.€Code€ðð€1101,€et€seq.)Ð øH Ðòòandóó€that€the€prejudicial€impact€of€the€evidence€outweighs€its€probative€value€(Evid.€CodeÐ Ø( Ððð€352).Ýƒ3£¼EéEÝŒÐ¼(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£OHÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòFederalize€Your€Objections.óó€€As€a€matter€of€course,€whenever€raising€a€traditional€stateÐ |Ì Ðevidentiary€objection€(e.g.,€hearsay,€other€offenses)€or€challenging€a€restriction€on€defenseÐ `° Ðevidence,€òòalso€assert€the€analogous€federal€constitutional€claim.óó€€(See€the€federalizationÐ @ Ðchart€for€specific€issues.)à@ìì*ì(#(#àÝƒ3£OH|HÝŒˆÐ $t ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£‹JÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòð ðMantra€motionsðð€ð!ð€possibly€helpful,€but€not€necessarily€sufficient.óó€€In€hopes€ofÐ ä4 Ðovercoming€any€later€appellate€assertions€of€inadequate€federalization,€some€attorneys€haveÐ È Ðdeveloped€the€practice€of€ð ðmantra€motionsðð€ð!ð€that€is,€a€motion€at€the€beginning€of€trial€inÐ ¨ø Ðwhich€an€attorney€asks€that€all€his€or€her€motions€and€objections€be€deemed€to€includeÐ ˆØ Ðfederal€constitutional,€as€well€as€state€law€grounds.€€€Such€motions€oÔ_ÔftenÔ_Ô€recite€a€ð ðmantra,ððÐ h¸ Ðlisting€federal€constitutional€rights€applicable€in€criminal€trials€(e.g.,€due€process,Ð H˜ Ðconfrontation,€right€to€counsel,€etc.).€€In€light€of€the€practical€difficulties€in€formulatingÐ (x Ðprecise€constitutional€objections€in€response€to€unexpected€developments€at€trial,€this€tacticÐ X Ðdoes€have€some€appeal€and€may€be€useful€as€a€safety€net.€€It€is€certainly€better€thanÐ è8 Ðforegoing€federalization€altogether.€€€But€the€efficacy€of€such€ð ðmantra€motionsðð€has€notÐ È Ðbeen€tested€in€any€reported€appellate€opinion.€€We€cannot€say€with€any€certainty€whetherÐ ¨!ø! Ðsuch€ð ðblanketðð€federalization€requests€will€be€deemed€adequate€to€preserve€constitutionalÐ ˆ"Ø" Ðclaims€in€all€instances.€€The€premise€of€the€more€draconian€cases€insisting€on€precision€inÐ h#¸# Ðspecifying€the€grounds€for€objections€is€that€the€trial€court€must€have€been€given€anÐ H$˜$ Ðopportunity€to€evaluate€the€specific€constitutional€claim€later€raised€on€appeal€.€€Under€theÐ (%x % Ðreasoning€of€those€cases,€that€the€judge€should€not€be€required€to€canvass€the€whole€ofÐ &X!& Ðconstitutional€law€in€order€to€identify€the€basis€for€an€objection.€€Ýƒ3£‹J¸JÝŒÐè&8"'(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;¯RÝà0àÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝWhere€there€is€a€very€close€correspondence€between€a€state€law€statute€or€doctrineÐ ¨(ø#) Ðand€a€federal€standard€ð!ð€e.g.,€òòWheeler„Batsonóó€or€òòÔ_ÔArandaÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔBrutonÔ_Ô€ð!ð€óóan€invocation€of€theÐ ˆ)Ø$* Ðstate€ground€will€be€deemed€sufficient€to€preserve€the€corresponding€federal€claim,Ð h*¸%+ Ðeven€without€a€ð ðmantra€motionðð€or€other€blanket€federalization€request.€€€(SeeÐ H+˜&, ÐòòPeople€v.€Partidaóó€(2005)€27€Cal.4th€428,€discussed€above.)Ýƒé;¯RÜRÝŒÐ(,x'-` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;UÝà0àÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝBut€where€there€is€a€divergence€between€state€and€federal€standards€(as€with€theÐ ° Ðpost„òòCrawfordóó€confrontation€and€hearsay€example€noted€above),€it€is€far€less€clearÐ à Ðthat€a€generalized€case„wide€federalization€request€will€be€deemed€sufficient€toÐ pÀ Ðbridge€the€gap€and€preserve€the€issue.€€Similarly,€as€discussed€further€below,Ð P Ðprosecutorial€misconduct€during€argument€or€witness€examination€may€implicateÐ 0€ Ða€variety€of€constitutional€rights€ð!ð€self„incrimination,€confrontation,€due€process,Ð ` Ðcounsel€ð!ð€depending€on€the€specific€circumstances€of€the€case.€€Ýƒé;UÚUÝŒÐð @` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;"YÝà0àÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòWithout€question,€the€better€practice€is€to€identify€the€specific€constitutional€basisÐ ° Ðfor€each€motion€or€objectionóó.€€That€said,€counsel€may€also€wish€to€file€a€ð ðmantraÐ à Ðmotionðð€or€other€case„wide€federalization€request€ð!ð€not€as€a€substitute€for€motion„Ð p À Ðby„motion€identification€of€constitutional€claims,€but€simply€as€an€insurance€policyÐ P Ðfor€any€objections€that€may€fall€through€the€cracks.Ýƒé;"YOYÝŒÐ0€ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝòòJury€InstructionsóóÐ ð@ ÐØ! !ØÓ€ , !"#$(öësy% !"#$ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£Ÿ\ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝInstructional€issues€provide€some€of€the€most€fruitful€grounds€for€appeal.Ýƒ3£Ÿ\Ì\ÝŒÐ°(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£Ÿ]ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝMany€of€the€most€crucial€instructions€(e.g.,€reasonable€doubt€burden,€elements€of€theÐ pÀ Ðcharged€offense,€etc.)€come€within€a€trial€judgeððs€òòsua€sponteóó€instructional€duties,€safestÐ P Ðcourse€is€to€request€òòallóó€desired€instructions.Ýƒ3£Ÿ]Ì]ÝŒÐ0€(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£k_ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝThe€following€are€some€of€the€general€types€of€instructions€which€definitely€are€contingentÐ ð@ Ðupon€defense€requests:Ýƒ3£k_˜_ÝŒÐÐ (#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;§`Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòCautionary€instructionsóó€and€òòlimiting€instructionsóó.€€Ýƒé;§`Ô`ÝŒÐà` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤±aÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝadmonition€to€view€jailhouse€informantððs€testimony€with€caution€(Pen.Ð X¨ ÐCode€ðð€1127a).Ýƒ·¤±aÞaÝŒÐ8ˆ¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤úbÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝinstructions€limiting€purposes€for€which€jurors€may€consider€particularÐ øH Ðevidence€(Evid.€Code€ðð€355),€e.g.,€other€offenses€(òòPeople€v.€Padillaóó€(1995)€11Ð Ø( ÐCal.4th€891,€950);€limitation€of€un„òòMirandizedóó€statement€to€impeachmentÐ ¸ Ð(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòTorrezóó€(1995)€31€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€1084,€1088„1091).Ýƒ·¤úb'cÝŒÐ˜!è!¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;deÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòPinpoint€instructionsóó.€Instructions€which€relate€the€general€legal€concepts€(such€asÐ X#¨# Ðelements€of€the€offense€or€affirmative€defenses)€to€particular€categories€of€evidenceÐ <$Œ$ Ðor€otherwise€highlight€types€of€circumstances€which€may€give€rise€to€a€reasonableÐ %l % Ðdoubt.€ð ðSuch€instructions€relate€particular€facts€to€a€legal€issue€in€the€case€orÐ ü%L!& Ðððpinpointðð€the€crux€of€a€defendant's€case,€such€as€mistaken€identification€or€alibi.ððÐ Ü&,"' Ð(òòPeople€v.€Sailleóó€(1991)€54€Cal.3d€1103,€1119.)€€€Ýƒé;de‘eÝŒÐ¼'#(` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤hÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝMany€instructions€which€state€theories€of€defense€or€other€crucial€mattersÐ |)Ì$* Ðare€considered€mere€ð ðpinpoint€instructions,ðð€which€it€is€up€to€defenseÐ \*¬%+ Ðcounsel€to€request;Ýƒ·¤h®hÝŒÐ<+Œ&,¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤/jÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝAlibi€(òòPeople€v.€Freemanóó€(1978)€22€Cal.3d€434);Ýƒ·¤/j\jÝŒÐü,L(.¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤?kÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝIdentification,€including€reliability€factors€€(Ô_ÔCALJICÔ_Ô€2.91,€2.92)€(òòPeople€v.Ð ° ÐWrightóó€(1988)€45€Cal.3d€1126);Ýƒ·¤?klkÝŒÐà¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤ÀlÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝRelevance€of€intoxication€to€specific€intent€or€other€mental€state€(Ô_ÔCALJICÔ_ÔÐ P Ð4.21)€(òòPeople€v.€Sailleóó€(1991)€54€Cal.3d€1103,€1120);Ýƒ·¤ÀlílÝŒÐ0€¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤UnÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝRelevance€of€provocation€to€premeditation€and€deliberation€€(choiceÐ ð @ Ðbetween€1st€and€2d€degree€murder),€even€when€provocation€insufficient€toÐ Ð Ðreduce€to€manslaughter€(Ô_ÔCALJICÔ_Ô€8.73)€(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòMiddletonóó€(1997)€52Ð ° ÐÔ_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€19);Ýƒ·¤Un‚nÝŒÐà ¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤™pÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝBearing€of€victimððs€prior€threats€or€violence€on€self„defense€issuesòò€€óó(òòPeopleÐ P Ðv.€Pena€óó(1984)€151€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.3d€462,€474„€478;€òòPeople€v.€Mooreóó€(1954)€43€Cal.2dÐ 0€ Ð517,€527„529);Ýƒ·¤™pÆpÝŒÐ` ¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤{rÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝð ðAfter„formed€intentðð€rule€in€robbery€cases€(òòPeople€v.€Webster€óó(1991)€54Ð Ð ÐCal.3d€411,€443„444).Ýƒ·¤{r¨rÝŒÐ°¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ÔsÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòð ðClarifyingðð€or€ð ðamplifyingðð€instructions:óó€"Generally,€a€party€may€not€complainÐ pÀ Ðon€appeal€that€an€instruction€correct€in€law€and€responsive€to€the€evidence€was€tooÐ T¤ Ðgeneral€or€incomplete€unless€the€party€has€requested€appropriate€clarifying€orÐ 4„ Ðamplifying€language."€€(E.g.,€òòPeople€v.€Guerraóó€(2006)€37€Cal.4th€1067,€1134;€òòPeople€v.Ð d ÐAndrewsóó€(1989)€49€Cal.3d€200,€218;€òòPeople€v.€Guiuanóó€(1998)€18€Cal.4th€558,€570.)Ýƒé;ÔstÝŒÐôD` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤¬vÝà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝòòImplications€for€Ô_ÔCALCRIMÔ_Ô€vs.€Ô_ÔCALJICÔ_Ô€arguments.óó€€This€general€rule€isÐ ´ Ðlikely€to€have€particular€implications€for€arguments€turning€on€differencesÐ ˜è Ðbetween€Ô_ÔCALJICÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔCALCRIMÔ_Ô€instructions.€€Frequently,€the€defense€willÐ xÈ Ðhave€a€plausible€argument€that€a€Ô_ÔCALCRIMÔ_Ô€instruction€provides€a€moreÐ X¨ Ðclear€and€accurate€formulation€of€a€point€than€its€Ô_ÔCALJICÔ_Ô€counterpart,€orÐ 8ˆ Ðvice€versa.€€But€only€rarely€will€the€defense€have€a€strong€argument€that€theÐ h Ðinstruction€actually€given€was€patently€wrong.€€€In€these€situations,€claimsÐ øH Ðresting€on€the€alleged€superiority€of€a€Ô_ÔCALCRIMÔ_Ô€instruction€to€Ô_ÔCALJICÔ_Ô€(orÐ Ø( Ðvice€versa)€are€likely€to€be€considered€waived€unless€counsel€specificallyÐ ¸ Ðrequested€the€preferred€instruction.Ýƒ·¤¬vÙvÝŒÐ˜!è!¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝòòAdjudication€of€ð ðStrikesðð€and€Other€Enhancement€PriorsóóÐ X#¨# ÐØ! !ØÓ€ % !"#$(è–xs, !"#$ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝòòÝ‚3£õ|ÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝStrikes€based€on€juvenile€adjudications.óó€€Object€on€6òòthóó€Amendment/due€process/òòÔ_ÔApprendiÔ_ÔóóÐ %h % Ðgrounds€to€any€ð ðstrikeðð€or€other€enhancement€or€aÔ_ÔggravatingÔ_Ô€circumstance€based€on€aÐ ü%L!& Ðjuvenile€adjudication.€€€A€divided€panel€of€the€Sixth€District€has€recently€ruled€that,€due€toÐ Ü&,"' Ðthe€absence€of€a€right€to€jury€trial€in€juvenile€proceedings,€juvenile€adjudications€cannot€beÐ ¼'#( Ðused€as€sentence€enhancements.€€(òòPeople€v.€Nguyenóó€(2007)€__€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€__,€62€Ô_ÔCal.RptrÔ_Ô.3dÐ œ(ì#) Ð255;€accord€òòUnited€States€v.€Ô_ÔTigheÔ_Ôóó€(9òòthóó€Cir.€2001)€266€F.3d€1187.)€€€Note:€the€òòNguyenóó€opinionÐ |)Ì$* Ðis€not€yet€final,€and€(as€acknowledged€by€the€majority)€conflicts€with€several€publishedÐ \*¬%+ Ðâ âCalifornia€appellate€opinions.€€Supreme€Court€review€is€likely.)Ýƒ3£õ|%}ÝŒÐ<+Œ&,(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£ÌÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòBe€alert€to€which€type€of€prior€offenses€automatically€qualify€as€ð ðserious€feloniesðð€(e.g.,Ð ° Ðâ ârobbery,€rape)€and€which€require€additionalóó€òòòòÔ_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ôóó„type€óó€òòevidence€óó€(òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_ÔóóÐ ”ä Ð(1988)€44€Cal.3d€343)òò€from€the€ð ðrecord€of€convictionóó.ðð€€Whenever€the€conviction€statuteÐ xÈ Ðencompasses€conduct€which€would€not€qualify€as€a€ð ðserious€felony,ðð€the€prosecution€mustÐ \¬ Ðpresent€additional€evidence€showing€that€the€underlying€facts€of€the€offense€satisfied€theÐ <Œ Ðdefinition€of€a€serious€felony.Ýƒ3£ÌùÝŒÐ l(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;E…Ýà0àÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝFor€example,€proof€of€a€conviction€under€Pen.€Code€ðð€245(a)(1)€is€not€enough,€byÐ Ü , Ðitself,€to€establish€that€the€offense€€was€a€serious€felony.€€The€evidence€must€showÐ ¼ Ðthat€the€offense€was€assault€òòwith€a€deadly€weaponòòóó,€óórather€than€assault€with€forceÐ œì Ðlikely€to€cause€great€bodily€injury.€€(See,€e.g.,€òòPeople€v.€Wintersóó€(2001)€93€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4thÐ | Ì Ð273.)Ýƒé;E…r…ÝŒÐ\¬ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ë‡Ýà0àÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòOut„of„state€priors€frequently€pose€such€issuesóó€ð!ðe.g.,€differences€between€otherÐ l Ðjurisdictionsðð€definitions€of€robbery€and€burglary€and€their€California€counterpartsÝƒé;ë‡ˆÝŒÐP` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÓ€ % !"#$(è–xx% !"#$ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝòòÝ‚3£û‰ÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝHearsay€&€other€evidentiary€objections.óó€€Documents€from€ð ðrecord€of€convictionðð€€are€onlyÐ À Ðadmissible€to€extent€they€satisfy€a€hearsay€exception€and€represent€a€ð ðreliable€reflectionððÐ ¤ô Ðof€basis€of€conviction.€€(E.g.,€òòPeopleóó€v.€òòReedóó€(1996)€13€Cal.4th€217€[preliminary€hearingÐ „Ô Ðtranscript€admissible€under€ð ðformer€testimonyðð€exception].)€Ýƒ3£û‰+ŠÝŒÐd´(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£\ŒÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòProbation€report€òònot€admissibleóó€to€prove€details€of€prior€conviction.óó€€(òòPeople€v.€TrujilloóóÐ $t Ð(2005)€40€Cal.4th€165.)€€A€post„conviction€probation€report€ð!ð€even€one€containing€theÐ X Ðdefendantððs€own€inculpatory€admissions€ð!ð€is€òònotóó€admissible€to€prove€the€factual€basis€forÐ è8 Ða€prior€conviction,€because€it€is€not€part€of€the€ð ðrecord€of€conviction.ðð€€Because€such€a€reportÐ È Ðwas€prepared€òòafteróó€the€defendantððs€plea€or€trial,€it€cannot€be€considered€part€of€the€ð ðbasisððÐ ¨ø Ðfor€the€conviction.Ýƒ3£\Œ‰ŒÝŒÐˆØ(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£‰ÝÔ2è–ÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòPreliminary€hearing€transcript€where€prior€conviction€based€on€òòtrial€rather€than€pleaóóóóð!ðnotÐ H˜ Ða€òòð ðreliable€reflectionððóó€of€basis€of€conviction.€€òòTrial€transcriptóó,€rather€than€prelim,€òòóórepresentsÐ ,| Ðthe€most€ð ðreliable€evidenceðð€of€basis€of€prior.€€(òòPeople€v.€Houckóó€(1998)€66€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€350,Ð ` Ð357;€compare€òòPeople€v.€Bartowóó€(1996)€46€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€1573€(òòdefenseóó€is€entitled€to€introduceÐ ð@ Ðportions€of€òòtrial€transcriptóó€to€rebut€ð ðserious€felonyðð€allegations).)Ýƒ3£‰¶ÝŒÐÐ (#(# ÐŒÝ ÝòòÔ&ÔProsecutorial€Misconduct.óóà0àÐ"à"(#(# ÐØ! !ØÓ€ , !"#$(öësx% !"#$ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£Ë“ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝòòóóProsecutorial€misconduct€is€the€one€of€the€errors€most€frequently€forfeited€for€appellateÐ P$ $ Ðreview€due€to€inadequate€ð ðpreservationðð€at€trial).€Ýƒ3£Ë“ø“ÝŒÐ0%€ %(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£.•ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝCognizable€on€appeal€only€if:Ýƒ3£.•[•ÝŒÐð&@"'(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÔ'"Ö’ÔÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;–Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝ(a)€contemporaneous€objection€to€prosecutorial€questions€or€statements;Ýƒé;–A–ÝŒÐ°($)` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;%—Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝ(b)€specific€ground€for€the€objection€stated,€and€Ýƒé;%—R—ÝŒÐp*À%+` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;!˜Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝ(c)€òòadmonition€to€the€jury€requestedóó.Ýƒé;!˜N˜ÝŒÐ0,€'-` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£™ÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝBe€sure€to€object€to€òòeachóó€prosecutorial€reference€to€an€improper€subject€during€witnessÐ ° Ðexaminations€or€arguments.€€Otherwise,€the€appellate€court€may€consider€the€issueÐ à Ðpreserved€as€to€only€those€specific€instances€in€which€counsel€voiced€objections.Ýƒ3£™C™ÝŒÐpÀ(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£õšÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝCommon€types€of€prosecutorial€misconduct.€(See€Federalizing€Table€for€correspondingÐ 0€ Ðfederal€constitutional€rights€violated€by€different€types€of€prosecutorial€misconduct.)Ýƒ3£õš"›ÝŒÐ `(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;jœÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòòòGriffinóó€erroróóð!ðcommenting€on€defendantððs€failure€to€take€the€stand.Ýƒé;jœ—œÝŒÐÐ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ˆÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòòòDoyleóó€erroróóð!ðcommenting€on€defendantððs€post„arrest,€post„òòMirandaóó€silence.Ýƒé;ˆµÝŒÐ˜è ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;²žÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝCommenting€on€defenseððs€òòfailure€to€present€witness€at€preliminary€hearingóó.Ð `° Ð(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòConoveróó€(1966)€243€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.2d€38,€49.)Ýƒé;²žßžÝŒÐD” ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;A Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòUrging€adverse€inferences€from€defendantððs€exercise€of€any€other€constitutionalÐ T Ðrightsð!ðòòincluding€the€right€to€counselóó.€óóÝƒé;A n ÝŒÐè8 ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;¨¡Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝOther€misconduct€toward€defense€counsel:€òòð ðderisive€comments€and€actionsÐ ¬ü Ðtowards€defense€counselððóó€(òòPeople€v.€Hillóó€(1998)€17€Cal.4th€800,€832„834);€disparagingÐ à Ðdefense€function€(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòHerringóó€(1993)€20€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€1066)€or€characterizingÐ tÄ Ðdefense€counsel€as€another€ð ðattackerðð€of€the€victim€or€witness€(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòTurneróóÐ T¤ Ð(1983)€145€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.3d€658,€674;€òòPeopleóó€v.€òòPittsóó€(1990)€223€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.3d€606,€704.)Ýƒé;¨¡Õ¡ÝŒÐ4„` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ï¤Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòReferences,€in€argument€or€questioning,€to€matters€outside€the€record.óóàÐ àNote€thatÐ ôD Ðsuch€references€òòviolate€the€confrontation€clauseóó,€because€the€prosecutor€effectivelyÐ Ø( Ðbecomes€his€or€her€own€witness,€by€making€representations€to€the€jury€about€factualÐ ¸ Ðmatters€not€presented€at€trial.€€(See€òòPeople€v.€Bellóó€(1989)€€49€Cal.3d€502Ó<(` ¸hÀpÈ xÐ °œX<Ó€(andÐ ˜è Ðadditional€authorities€cited€in€federalization€chart.)Ýƒé;ï¤¥ÝŒÐxÈ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;â§Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòUnsubstantiated€insinuations€in€cross„examination€questionsóó,€where€prosecutorÐ 8ˆ Ðhas€no€bona€fide€belief€he€will€be€able€to€prove€the€suggested€facts.€€(òòPeopleóó€v.Ð l ÐòòWagneróó€(1975)€13€Cal.3d€612.)Ýƒé;â§¨ÝŒÐüL` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;£©Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝAdmission€of€or€reference€to€òòco„defendantððsóó€òò(or€other€alleged€co„principalððs)€pleaÐ ¼!! Ðor€convictionóó.€(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòCummingsóó€(1993)€4€Cal.4th€1233,€1294„1295.)Ýƒé;£©Ð©ÝŒÐ "ð"` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;7«Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòIntimidation€of€defense€witnessóó.Ýƒé;7«d«ÝŒÐh$¸$` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é; "ÝÝÝÝ‚é;'¬Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòAppeals€to€racial,€ethnic€or€religious€prejudicesóóð!ðviÔ_ÔolationÔ_Ô€of€òòequal€protection€andÐ 0&€!& Ðdue€processóó€clauses.€Ýƒé;'¬T¬ÝŒÐ'd"'` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é; "ÝÝÝÝ‚é;Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòPotential€due€process€implications€of€other€forms€misconductóó.€€Even€where€theÐ Ü(,$) Ðprosecutorial€tactic€does€not€directly€infringe€a€specific€enumerated€constitutionalÐ À)%* Ðright,€like€the€examples€above,€prosecutorial€misconduct€may€still€rise€to€the€levelÐ *ð%+ Ðof€a€òòdue€process€violationóó€if€it€is€sufficiently€inflammatory€or€pervasive.€€òòIf€theÐ €+Ð&, Ðmisconduct€could€potentially€affect€the€fairness€and€outcome€of€the€trial,€assertÐ d,´'- Ða€due€process€objectionóó.Ýƒé;ÊÝŒÐD-”(.` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;“°Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝExamples€of€common€òòappeals€to€passion€or€prejudiceóó:Ýƒé;“°À°ÝŒÐ°` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤–±Ýà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝExhortations€about€òòð ðwar€on€crime,ððóó€ð ðwar€on€drugs,ðð€ð ðsending€a€message€toÐ xÈ Ðdrug€dealers,ðð€ð ðget€this€poison€off€our€streets,ðð€etc.€(E.g.,€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.Ð \¬ ÐòòMcLeanóó€(11thòòóó€Cir.€1998)€138€F.3d€1398,€1405€[prosecutorial€comments€aboutÐ <Œ Ðð ðcrack€addicted€babiesðð];€see€also,€e.g.,€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòBeasleyóó€(11thòòóó€Cir.Ð l Ð1993)€2€F.3d€1551;€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòBoydóó€(11th€òòóóCir.€1997)€131€F.3d€951.)Ýƒ·¤–±Ã±ÝŒÐü L¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤”´Ýà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝUrging€jurors€to€òòview€the€crime€through€victimððs€eyesóó,€to€put€themselvesÐ ¼ Ðin€victimððs€place,€or€imagine€that€their€own€children€had€been€victims.Ð ð Ð(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòStansburyóó€(1993)€4€Cal.4th€1017,€1057;€òòPeopleóó€v.€òòPensingeróó€(1991)€52Ð € Ð ÐCal.3d€1210,€1250;€òòPeopleóó€v.€òòSimingtonóó€(1993)€19€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€1374.)Ýƒ·¤”´Á´ÝŒÐ`° ¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤·Ýà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝWarnings€about€the€òòconsequences€of€an€acquittalóóð!ðincluding€exhortationsÐ p Ðto€ð ðtake€the€defendant€off€the€streetsðð€or€references€to€reactions€of€neighborsÐ T Ðor€community.€(òòPeople€v.€Purvisóó€(1963)€60€Cal.2d€323,€342;€òòPeople€v.€MendozaóóÐ ä4 Ð(1974)€37€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.3d€717,€727.)Ýƒ·¤·L·ÝŒÐÄ¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤"ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤t¹Ýà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝòòAppeals€to€religious€principlesóó,€especially€where€prosecutor€implies€thatÐ „Ô Ðsome€ð ðhigher€lawðð€appliesð!ðe.g.,€suggestions€of€Biblical€support€for€capitalÐ h¸ Ðpunishment.€(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòWashóó€(1993)€6€Cal.4th€215,€260;€see€also,€e.g.,€òòPeopleóó€v.Ð H˜ ÐòòPittsóó€(1990)€223€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.3d€606,€698„702€[reminding€jurors€in€molestationÐ (x Ðcase€of€Jesus€Christððs€praise€for€the€innocence€of€children].)Ýƒ·¤t¹¡¹ÝŒÐX¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;X¼Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòMisstating€or€mischaracterizing€the€trial€testimony€or€misstating€legal€principlesÐ È Ðduring€closing€argumentóó.€(òòPeople€v.€Hill€óó(1998)€17€Cal.4th€800,€823„826,€829„832.)Ýƒé;X¼…¼ÝŒÐ¬ü` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚·¤ "ÝÝÝÝ‚·¤ç½Ýà0àà0` (#(#àÔ2öëÔ-Ô3 Ôà0¸` (#` (#àÝÝE.g.,€òòcommon€prosecutorial€misstatement€of€heat„of„passion€manslaughterÐ tÄ Ðstandardóó.€€Contrary€to€an€all„too„common€prosecutorial€argument,€theÐ X¨ Ðquestion€is€òònotóó€whether€the€provocation€would€drive€an€ordinary€person€òòtoÐ <Œ Ðkillóó.€€€The€standard€is€simply€whether€the€provocation€is€such€that€it€wouldÐ l Ðcause€an€ordinary€person€òòto€act€rashly€and€without€deliberationóó.€€(òòPeople€v.Ð üL ÐÔ_ÔNajeraÔ_Ôóó€(2006)€138€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.4th€212,€223„224.)Ýƒ·¤ç½¾ÝŒÐÜ , ¸(#¸(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é; "ÝÝÝÝ‚é;!ÁÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝOther€òòdeceptive€or€misleading€tacticsóó:€òòcommenting€on€absence€of€defense€evidenceóó€onÐ œ"ì" Ða€point€òòwhere€proÔ_ÔsecutionÔ_Ô€blocked€discovery€or€introduction€of€evidenceóó€on€that€point.Ýƒé;!ÁNÁÝŒÐ€#Ð#` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ÛÂÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝCreative€forms€of€prosecutorial€òòvouchingóó:€repeated€references€to€crucial€witness'Ð @% % Ðplea€agreement€requiring€him€to€testify€truthfully€(where€prosecutorial€argumentÐ $&t!& Ðand€police€evidence€imply€that€government€has€monitored€and€verified€truth€ofÐ 'T"' Ðwitnessðð€testimony)€(òòU.S.óó€v.€òòRudbergóó€(9th€Cir.€1997)€122€F.3d€1199;€òòPeopleóó€v.€òòFauberóóÐ ä'4#( Ð(1992)€2€Cal.4th€792,€822);€use€of€police€testimony€on€veracity€of€a€key€witnessððÐ Ä($) Ðaccount€(such€as€€victim„complainant,€informant,€or€even€another€officer)€(òòPeople€v.Ð ¤)ô$* ÐSergill€óó(1982)€138€Ô_ÔCal.AppÔ_Ô.3d€34;€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòSanchez„Limaóó€(9thòòóó€Cir.€1998)€161Ð „*Ô%+ Ðâ âF.3d€545).€Ýƒé;ÛÂÃÝŒÐd+´&,` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ãÆÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòð ðAre„the„Witnesses„Lying?ðð€Argument:€óó€Forcing€defendant€to€comment€onÐ ° Ðâ âwhether€police€or€other€prosecution€witnesses€are€ð ðlying.ðð€€ð ðLay€opinion€about€theÐ ”ä Ðveracity€of€particular€statements€by€another€is€inadmissible.ðð€(òòPeopleóó€v.€òòMeltonóóÐ tÄ Ð(1988)€44€Cal.3d€713,€744.)€€Many€federal€cases€flatly€prohibit€this€type€ofÐ T¤ Ðquestioning,€especially€ð ðwhere€it€compels€a€defendant€to€state€that€law€enforcementÐ 4„ Ðofficers€lied€in€their€testimony.ðð€€€(See,€e.g.,€òòUnited€States€v.€Sanchezóó€(9òòthóó€Cir.€1999)€176Ð d ÐF.3d€1214,€1219„1220€(and€cases€discussed€there).)€€€However,€the€CaliforniaÐ ô D ÐSupreme€Court€has€adopted€a€more€flexible€test:€ð ð[Ô_ÔC]ourtsÔ_Ô€should€carefullyÐ Ô $ Ðscrutinize€were€they€lying€questions€in€context.€They€should€not€be€permitted€whenÐ ´ Ðargumentative,€or€when€designed€to€elicit€testimony€that€is€irrelevant€orÐ ”ä Ðspeculative.€However,€in€its€discretion,€a€court€may€permit€such€questions€if€theÐ t Ä Ðwitness€to€whom€they€are€addressed€has€personal€knowledge€that€allows€him€toÐ T¤ Ðprovide€competent€testimony€that€may€legitimately€assist€the€trier€of€fact€inÐ 4„ Ðresolving€credibility€questions.ðð€€(òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔChatmanÔ_Ôóó€(2006)€38€Cal.4th€344,€384.)€Ýƒé;ãÆÇÝŒÐd ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;›ÍÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝòòInconsistent€prosecutorial€factual€theories€in€separate€trials€of€co„defendantsóó.€Ð Ô$ Ð(See€òòIn€re€Sakarias€óó(2005)€35€Cal.4th€140.)€Ýƒé;›ÍÈÍÝŒÐ¸` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÔ& ÔòòSentencing€ErrorÐ xÈ ÐóóØ! !ØÓ€ , !"#$(öëss, !"#$ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£ÜÏÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝObjections€almost€always€required.€òòPeople€v.€Scott€óó(1994)€9€Cal.4th€331,€351.Ô' xÏÔÝƒ3£ÜÏ ÐÝŒÐ8ˆ(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£øÐÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝObjections€required:Ýƒ3£øÐ%ÑÝŒÐøH(#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ÂÑÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝDenial€of€probation;Ýƒé;ÂÑïÑÝŒÐ¸` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é; ÒÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝAggravated€term;Ýƒé; ÒÍÒÝŒÐxÈ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;zÓÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝConsecutive€sentences;Ýƒé;zÓ§ÓÝŒÐ8ˆ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ZÔÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝDual€use€of€fact€as€element€and€aggravating€factor;Ýƒé;ZÔ‡ÔÝŒÐøH` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;WÕÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝFailure€to€state€reasons;Ýƒé;WÕ„ÕÝŒÐ¸ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;:ÖÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝErrors€in€probation€report;Ýƒé;:ÖgÖÝŒÐx"È"` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;×Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝProbation€conditions)Ýƒé;×L×ÝŒÐ8$ˆ$` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;þ×Ýà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝRestitution€(method€of€calculation;€amount).Ýƒé;þ×+ØÝŒÐø%H!&` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝÝÝ‚3£ôØÝÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0àÝÝNo€Objection€Necessary:€Unauthorized€sentence.Ýƒ3£ôØ!ÙÝŒÐ¸'#((#(# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ØÙÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝPC€654€issues€(caveat€for€guilty€plea)Ýƒé;ØÙÚÝŒÐx)È$*` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;ÈÚÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝMiscalculating€Ô_ÔpresentenceÔ_Ô€custody/conduct€creditsÝƒé;ÈÚõÚÝŒÐ8+ˆ&,` (#` (# ÐŒÝ ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝÝÝ‚é;äÛÝà0àÔ2öëÔððÔ3 Ôà0` (#(#àÝÝFull€term€imposed€on€consecutive€sentence€where€not€authorized€by€statute.