WPC  yDS'Y!N @| ="zt.%&h^j߁MԻ),[m ʙaVt n `vn2DE5 c"ґ˧;ftkݎ KaQH:<u{dm*W 4Fv |G̅Qc7EZz BBt 7[jn1> B oJF*q^&}*8PB1Ӗ#$_9=<0s_mMPBpyrNNO`_^ N F (%^6ngD?W.$X*kmm^Y:fa>kC|<-!\!A/HGdmHpO`h"iVS0cC-@H?CzJCj' ާo:%К%GkŴF%z;tFR{;}l&#UN %+ 0Y1^ w4 m 1s 72I 1u{ 72 0c" N 0Xw 0 0_ 0( 0 0 0~ 0Dm 1 72:Tl 0NURUD``b<&HP 4050 BACK HALLWAY,,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX(1$OXXUSUS.,: du::i+003|xU337=CIOW_eI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) 1)3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  (O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(#({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#2#     )3  0p(#p(# xlGaeimquy}Oh My StarsStar BulletsHHHHHHHHHhttp://www.fdap.org/r-article_search.php.(O$,hZ:Palatino Linotype Regular,hZ,Palatino Linotype Page of &http://www.fdap.org/r-article SiracoRicky DJJ Welf DEJsearch.phpR]eliableKentronWinson MakiArreolaEmilianoCoreyi CYA t]heCal.App !ҷXXUSUS.,  _Kҷ    K BASICJUVENILECRIMINALLAWANDPROCEDURE #K#  byAlanSiracoandKathrynSeligman,FDAPStaffAttorneys b updatedMay2009      "8ҷdd8 (33   INTRODUCTORYNOTEREGARDINGJUVENILECRIMINAL  PROCEDUREANDTERMINOLOGY "   Juveniledelinquencyproceedings,sometimescalledjuvenilecriminal f proceedings,aredifferentfromadultcriminalproceedings.Mostoftherules 6  governingjuvenilecriminalproceedingsarefoundintheWelfareand V  InstitutionsCode.Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionsinprocedureand v  interminologyandtousethecorrectterminologyinyourappellatebriefs.     First,thejuvenilecriminalproceedingstakeplaceinthe juvenilecourt,a &  specialbranchofthe superiorcourt.Second,theadjudicationofthejuveniles F  criminaloffensesisinitiatedbythefilingofa petitionratherthana f   complaintor information.Third,ifthejuvenilechallengestheadmissionof 6  evidence,arguingthatitwasseizedinviolationofhisFourthAmendmentrights, V  hefilesamotionpursuantto WelfareandInstitutionsCodesection700.1,rather v thanPenalCodesection1538.5.Fourth,thejuvenilemay admitthathe  committedtheallegedcriminaloffenses;technically,thejuveniledoesnotentera   guiltyplea(althoughthejuvenilecourtmayrefertoitasaplea).Fifth,ifthe ( juveniledoesnotadmitthecriminalallegations,theprosecution,calledthe H  petitioner,mustprovethoseallegationsbeyondareasonabledoubtata h contested jurisdictionalhearing,ratherthanata trial.Sixth,thejuvenileis 8 notfound guilty;thecriminalallegationsare foundtrueor nottrue,ofthe X allegationsofthepetitionare sustained.Finally,thejuvenilecourtdoesnot x imposea sentence.Rather,heimposesa _dispositional_Ԁorderata   _dispositional_Ԁhearing.     Ofcourse,themajordistinctionbetweenjuvenilecriminalandadult !J criminalproceedingsisthatjuvenileschargedwithcrimes,inthejuvenilecourt, #j havenorighttoajurytrial.Nevertheless,whenthecriminalallegationsare :$ adjudicatedatacontestedjurisdictionalhearing,oneseesmanyofthesametypes Z%  ofissuesthatonefindsinadultcriminalappeals,includingchallengestothe z&! sufficiencyoftheevidenceandchallengestotheadmissionofevidence(hearsay '" issues,confrontationissues,challengestoinvoluntaryconfessions,etc.)Thereare ( $  alsomanytypesofissuesthatonlyariseinjuvenilecriminalproceedings. )*%!   *J&" _ "3"  3&2  I  .3  0    INITIATINGJURISDICTION 3&S݌(#(# Ќ  ";"  ; 0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#  Generally ; :݌B` (#` (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Therearetwoprovisionsgoverningtheinitiationof 4  jurisdictionbytheJuvenileCourtoveradelinquentchild V  underage18:'݌v  (# (# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  a  .3  0 (# (#  Section601:Anypersonundertheageof18years, who    persistentlyorhabituallyrefusestoobeythereasonable (  andproperordersordirectionsofhisorherparents, H  guardian,orcustodian,orwhoisbeyondthecontrolof h  thatperson,or...violatedanyordinance... 8  establishingacurfewbasedsolelyonageiswithinthe X  jurisdictionofthejuvenilecourtwhichmayadjudgethe x minortobeawardofthecourt.(Welf.andInst.Code  601,subd.(a).)ir݌(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  b  .3  0 (# (#  Section602:Inaddition,generally,anypersonunderthe H ageof18yearswho violatesanylaw...otherthanan j ordinanceestablishingacurfewbasedsolelyonage,is : withinthejurisdictionofthejuvenilecourt,whichmay Z adjudgesuchpersontobeawardofthecourt.(Welf. z andInst.Code602,subd.(a).)irI݌(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  c  .3  0 (# (#  Note:AtFDAP,werarely,ifever,seeanappealfroman  * adjudicationofwardshipunderWelf.andInst.Codeir݌!L(#(# Ќ  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#601.Allofour juvenilecriminalappealsarefrom #l adjudicationsofwardshipunderWelf.andInst.Code<$(#(#    `    602. \%   ""  0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Capacity:Achildundertheageof14yearsispresumed '" incapableofcommittingacrime intheabsenceofclearproof ($  thatatthetimeofcommittingtheactchargedagainstthem, ).%! theyknewitswrongfulness.(Pen.Code26.)Thestandard *N&" of clearproofistheequivalentofclearandconvincing  evidence.(InreManuelL.(1994)7Cal.4th229,238;InreJerry   M.(1997)59Cal.App.4th289,297.)Theprosecutionmay D rebutthepresumptionofincapacitybyevidenceofthe h mannerinwhichtheoffensewascommitted,theproximityof 8  thechildsagetoage14,throughtestimonybyadultswho X  knowthechild,throughtestimonyofpsychologicalexperts,or x  throughthechildshistoryofcommittingsimilaroffenses.(In   TonyC.(1978)21Cal.3d888,900;InreNirranW.(1989)207   Cal.App.3d1157,11601161;InreClydeH.(1979)92 0  Cal.App.3d338,344;InreMarvenC.(1995)33Cal.App.4th T  482;InreMichaelB.(1983)149Cal.App.3d1073;InreBillyY. (x  (1990)220Cal.App.3d127;InrePaulC.(1990)221Cal.App. L  3d43.)݌p  (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;S"0  2  B  .3  0` (#(#  TheSection602Petition ;S""݌` (#` (# Ќ  ""  O#0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Juveniledelinquencyactionsarebegunbythefilingofa B petitionunderWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection602. d (Welf.andInst.Code602;630;650.)Ifthechildhasbeen 4 heldindetention,thepetitionmustbefiledwithin48hoursof T thetimehewastakenintocustody.(Welf.andInst.Code t 626,subd.(d);Id.,626.5,subd.(b);631,subd.(a).)The  petitionmuststatethecodesectionunderwhichitisbrought,  identifythechildandincludenoticetothechildsparents. ( (Welf.andInst.Code656.)O#|#݌ H (# (# Ќ  ""  '0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Apetitionundersection602,allegingcriminaloffenses,is 8# broughtbytheDistrictAttorney.(Welf.andInst.Code650, Z$ subd.(c).)Itmustcontainaconcisestatementofthefactson z%  whichthepetitionisbased.(Welf.andInst.Code656,subd. &! (f).)Thepetitionmustidentifytheallegedoffenseandstate ' # whethertheallegedoffenseisamisdemeanororafelony. (*$  (Welf.andInst.Code656.1.)'K'݌)J%! (# (# Ќ   +j&"  ""  A*0  0` (#(#2  3  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Ifthepetitionisthechildsfirstsection602petition,itmaybe  calledan OriginalPetition.Ifprevioussection602petitions " havebeenfiledagainstthechild,andheorsheisalreadya B wardofthejuvenilecourt,thepetitionmaybecalleda b  SubsequentPetition.A*n*݌2  (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;,0  2  C  .3  0` (#(#  TheJurisdictionalHearing ;,,݌r ` (#` (# Ќ  ""  -0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Timeliness --݌   (# (# Ќ  0  0` (#(#Thehearingmustbeheldwithin15daysoffilingthepetitionifthe F  childisdetainedorwithin30daysoffilingthepetitionifnot.(Welf. f  andInst.Code657,subd.(a).)Thesolequestionbeforethecourtis 6  whetherthechildcomeswithinsection602byvirtueofhisorher V  conduct.(Welf.andInst.Code701.)v` (#` (#  ""  00  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  BurdenofProof 00݌ (# (# Ќ  0  0` (#(#Fortheallegationsofapetitionbroughtundersection602,proof H beyondareasonabledoubtisnecessary.(Welf.andInst.701;Inre h Winship(1970)397U.S.358,368.)Theprosecution(thepetitioner) < mustproveeachandeveryelementofthechargedcrime(s)beyonda ` reasonabledoubt.Thisisrequiredbythedueprocessclauseofthe  FourteenthAmendment.(InreWinship,supra.)` (#` (#  ""  30  0` (#(#2  3  .3  0 ` (#` (#  ProceduralRights 34݌ 4 (# (# Ќ  "ir"  ir40  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  a  .3  0 (# (#  ThecauseistriedtotheJuvenileCourt.Thehearingis &#v anadversaryproceedinganalogoustoanadultcriminal H$ trial(thoughwithoutajury).Thechildhasmany, h%  thoughnotall,oftherightsguaranteedtoanadult &! beingtriedforacrime,includingtherighttopresenta '" defense.(InreWinship,supra,397U.S.358;InreGault ($  (1967)387U.S.1.)ir4 5݌)<%!(#(# Ќ    +\&"  "ir"  ir70  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  b  .3  0 (# (#  Inadditiontotheprotectionofthedueprocessclauseof  thefederalconstitution,Californiahasspecifically " providedbystatutethatthechildhasarighttoa B contestedhearingbeforethecourt(Welf.andInst.Code b 701;Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.778;Id.,rule5.780),tobe 2  representedbycounsel(Welf.andInst.Code679),to V  havenoticeofthechargesandanyintended v  aggregationofconfinementtimefrompreviously   sustainedpetitions(Welf.andInst.Code726),to    confrontandcrossexaminewitnesses(Welf.andInst. &  Code702.5),toremainsilent(ibid.),tothepresenceof F  parentsorguardiansthroughouttheproceedings,even j  iftheyaregoingtobecalledaswitnesses(Welf.and :  Inst.Code656;id.,658),andtodismissalofthe Z  petitionuponthegovernmentsfailureofproof(Welf. ~ andInst.Code701.1).ir78݌(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir=0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  c  .3  0 (# (#  Anextrajudicialidentificationthatcannotbe . confirmedbyanidentificationatthetrialisinsufficient P tosustainaconvictionintheabsenceofotherevidence  p tendingtoconnectthedefendantwiththecrime.(Inre @ MiguelL.(1982)32Cal.3d100,105,quotingPeoplev. d Gould(1960)54Cal.2d621,631.)ir==݌(#(# Ќ  "ir"  irN@0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  d  .3  0 (# (#  Thecorpusdelictirule,requiringproofoftheoffense  independentoftheaccusedsextrajudicialstatement  > appliesinjuveniledelinquencyproceedings.(Inre "^ LindaD.(1970)3Cal.App.3d567,572.Seealso,Peoplev. 2# Ochoa(1998)19Cal.4th353,450[ruledefinedinadult V$ criminalcase].)irN@{@݌z% (#(# Ќ  "ir"  irB0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  e  .3  0 (# (#  Unreliableuncorroboratedaccomplicetestimonyisnot ' # sufficienttosustainanadjudicationforhaving (,$  committedanoffense.(InreMiguelL.,supra,32Cal.3d )L%! atp.109.)Notehowever,MigueldidnotoverruleInre  +p&" MitchellP.(1978)22Cal.3d946,951952[unlikeinadult  criminaltrials,thereisnorequirementthataccomplice $ testimonybecorroboratedinjuvenileproceedings].But D see,InreE.L.B.(1985)172Cal.App.3d780,785786 d [questioningcontinuedvalidityofMitchellinlightof 8  growingsimilaritybetweenjuveniledelinquencyand \  adultcriminalactions].)irB C݌| (#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir-G0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  f  .3  0 (# (#  Thejuvenilecourtmaysustainapetitionbasedona   lesseroffenseincludedinthechargedoffense,butmay .  not,withoutthejuvenilesconsent,sustainthepetition N  onanoffensenotincludedinthechargedoffense.(Inre n  RobertG.(1982)31Cal.3d437,445;InreJohnnyR.(1995) B  33Cal.App.4th1579,15831584.)ir-GZG݌f (#(# Ќ  "ir"  irI0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  g  .3  0 (# (#  Thebaragainstbeingplacedtwiceinjeopardyforthe  sameconductapplicabletoadultcriminaltrials,is  equallyapplicableinjuveniledelinquencycases.(Breed 8 v.Jones(1975)421U.S.519,541;Barkerv.Estelle(9thCir.  \ 1990)913F.2d1433,14391440[inCaliforniajeopardy 0 attachesattheadjudicationhearing];InreHenryG. P (1985)161Cal.App.3d646,650651.)irIJ݌t(#(# Ќ  "ir"  irL0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  h  .3  0 (# (#  Becausethecourtisthetrieroffact,thereissome  limitationontheinformationitmayreviewpriorto & makingfindingsonthepetition.Thecourtmustrespect  F thestatutoryprocedurebifurcatingthejurisdictional "f hearingfromthedispositionalhearing.(See,Welf.and 6# Inst.Code701;InreEddieM.(2003)31Cal.4th480,488; V$ InreGladysR.(1970)1Cal.3d855.)Thus,theJuvenile z%  Courtmaynotreviewtheprobationdepartmentssocial &! reportpriortoadjudicatingthepetition.Doingso '# underminesthefundamentalfairnessoftheproceeding (.$  andviolatesthechildsrighttodueprocess.(Inre )N%! GladysR.,supra,1Cal.3datpp.859861.Butsee,Inre "+r&" NirranW.(1989)207Cal.App.3d1157,1161,citingInre  MartinL.(1986)187Cal.App.3d534[whenadjudicating $ asection777supplemental(probationviolation) H petition,thecourtmaytakejudicialnoticeofasocial h reportregardingpriorproceedingsforthepurposeof 8  determiningthechildsawarenessofwrongfulness].)irL#M݌X (#(# Ќ  ""  iS0  0` (#(#2  4  .3  0 ` (#` (#  NecessaryFindings/Orders iSS݌  (# (# Ќ  "ir"  irzT0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  a  .3  0 (# (#  Thecourtmustfindwhetheroneormorecriminal *  allegationsareprovenbeyondareasonabledoubtand L  whetherbasedonthatfinding,theminorcomeswithin l  thedefinitionofsection602.(Cal.RulesofCt.,rule <  5.780(e);rule5.780.(g).)Thesefindingsaresubjectto \  reviewbytheCourtofAppeal. KKWhenajuvenilecourt | hassustainedtheallegationsofasection602petition,a  challengetothesufficiencyoftheevidencesupporting   thatrulingisgovernedbythesubstantialevidencerule. , (InreAndrewI.(1991)230Cal.App.3d572,577;Inre L RoderickP.(1972)7Cal.3d801,80809.)Theappellate  p courtmustviewtheentirerecordinthelightmost D favorabletothejudgmenttodeterminewhetherit d disclosessubstantialevidencesuchthatareasonable  trieroffactcouldhavefoundtheminorguiltybeyonda  reasonabledoubt.(InreAndrewI.,supra..,at577.)irzTT݌(#(# Ќ  "ir"  irTZ0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  b  .3  0 (# (#  #K KV#Thecourtalsomustfindwhethernoticewasproperly "X givenanddeterminethechildscorrectbirthdateand *#z countyofresidence.(Ibid.) KKirTZZ݌J$(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir\\0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  c  .3  0 (# (#  #K K[#Inasection602matter,thecourtmustfindwhetherthe &! offenseisamisdemeanororafelony,anditmust '# determinethedegreeoftheoffense,ifapplicable.(Cal. ( $  RulesofCt.,rule5.780(e);InreManzyW.(1997)14 )@%! Cal.4th1199,1203-1204.)ir\\\݌+d&"(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir^0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  d  .3  0 (# (#  Ifthecourtdeterminestheallegationswerenotproven   beyondareasonabledoubt,itmustdismissthepetition B andterminateanydetentionorderspertainingtoit. b (Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.780(g).)ir^_݌2 (#(# Ќ  "3"  3`2  II  .3  0    DISPOSITION 3`a݌r (#(# Ќ  ";"  ;a0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#  RighttoaHearing ;aa݌  ` (#` (# Ќ  ""  b0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  If,atthejurisdictionhearing,thejuvenilecourtfindsthatthe F  childisapersonthatcomeswithinsection602,thechildis h  entitledtoanevidentiaryhearingregardingtheappropriate 8  disposition.(Welf.andInst.Code702;Cal.RulesofCt.,rule X  5.780(f);Id.,rule5.782(a).)bb݌x (# (# Ќ  ""  )e0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Ifthejurisdictionwasestablishedthroughthechilds   admissionoftheallegedconduct,thechildhasarighttohave . thesamejudgepresideoverhisdispositionalhearing.(People N v.Arbuckle(1978)22Cal.3d749;InreMarkL.(1983)34Cal.3d "r 171,177.)However,wheretherecordshowsthatthechild F knewoftheexistenceoftheright,itmustbeexpressly f exercisedeitherthroughrequestorobjectiontothepresenceof  adifferentjudge,oritmaybedeemedimplicitlywaived.(In  reJamesH.(1985)165Cal.App.3d911,918919.))eVe݌ (# (# Ќ  ""  h0  0` (#(#2  3  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Atthedispositionalhearing,thechildisentitledto "^ representationbycounselandtopresentevidence.(Welf.and 0# Inst.Code634[righttocounsel];InreMikkelsen(1964)226 P$ Cal.App.2d467,470471[construingsection706toprovide t%  righttopresentevidenceindefense].)h i݌&! (# (# Ќ  ""  \k0  0` (#(#2  4  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Theexclusionaryruleforillegallyobtainedevidenceis ($$  inapplicabletothedispositionalhearing.(InreJimmyP.(1996) )F%! 50Cal.App.4th1679,1686,fn.9,citingInreMichaelV.(1986) +j&" 178Cal.App.3d159,169170.)\kk݌ (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;vm0  2  B  .3  0` (#(#  ConductoftheHearing ;vmm݌@` (#` (# Ќ  ""  pn0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Thejuvenilecourthasbroaddiscretiontofashiona 2  dispositionthatmeetstheneedsofthechildandsociety.The T  courtsdiscretionmustbeexercisedinlighfofthepurposeof t  thejuvenilelaw.(InreMichaelD.(1987)188Cal.App.3d1392,   13951396.)Specifically,thoughrehabilitationremainsan    importantgoal,ascurrentlywritten,thejuvenilecourtlaw (  recognizes punishmentasarehabilitativetoolandincludes H  an expressprotectionandsafetyofthepublicgoal.(Ibid., h  quotingWelf.andInst.Code202.Seealso,InreTeofilioA. <  (1989)210Cal.App.3d571,576.)TheCourtofAppealreviews `  thejuvenilecourtsdispositionforabuseofdiscretion.(Inre  MichaelD.,supra.,at13951397;InreMichaelR.(1977)73Cal.  App.3d327,332341.)pnn݌ (# (# Ќ  ""  s0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Thecourtshallreceiveinevidencethesocialstudyofthe X minor...andanyotherrelevantandmaterialevidencethat *z maybeoffered,includinganywrittenororalstatement J offeredbythevictim,theparentorguardianofthevictimif j thevictimisaminor,orifthevictimhasdiedoris  incapacitated,thevictimsnextofkin.(Welf.andInst.Code  706.)ss݌ (# (# Ќ  ""  v0  0` (#(#2  3  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Indeterminingtheappropriatedispositionforachildfoundto  "Z comewithinsection602,thejuvenilecourtmustconsider: in ,#| additiontootherrelevantandmaterialevidence,(1)theageof L$ theminor,(2)thecircumstancesandgravityoftheoffense l%  committedbytheminor,and(3)theminorsprevious &! delinquenthistory.(Welf.andInst.Code725.5.)vv݌'" (# (# Ќ  ""  Py0  0` (#(#2  4  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Ifthecourthasnotdonesoatthejurisdictionalhearing,the )<%! courtmustdeclarewhethertheoffensecommittedwasa  +\&" misdemeanororafelony.(Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.780(e);Inre  ManzyW.(1997)14Cal.4th1199,1203-1204.)Thisdutyis $ mandatory,andthecourtsfindingonthispointmaynotbe H presumed.(InreManzyW.,supra,14Cal.4thatpp.12071209.) h Specifically,neitherthefactthattheoffenseisallegedasa <  felony,evenifitisadmitted,northecalculationofamaximum \  termofconfinementtocorrespondtothatofimprisonmentof |  anadultdefendantconvictedofafelonydeterminethematter.   (Ibid.)Py}y݌  (# (# Ќ  ""  }0  0` (#(#2  5  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Similarly,ifthecourthasnotdonesoatthejurisdiction P  hearing,itmustfixthedegreeoftheoffense.(Pen.Code "r  1157;Id.,1192;Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.780(e);InreJacobM. B  (1987)195Cal.App.3d58,61.) Uponthefailureofthe... f  courttosodetermine,...thecrime...shallbedeemedtobe  ofthelesserdegree.(Pen.Code1157;Id.,1192.)This  dutyissimilarlymandatory,anditsexecutionwillnotbe  inferredmerelyfromfactualfindingsthatwillsupporta : determinationtheoffensewasofthegreaterdegree.(Inre  Z JacobM.,supra,195Cal.App.3datpp.6162.Butsee,Inre .~ DorothyB.(1986)182Cal.App.3d509,521522[noerrorin R failingtodeterminewhethermurderwasfirstorsecond v degree,becauseineithercasethemaximumtermof  confinementislife].)}}݌ (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  C  .3  0` (#(#  Dispositionalchoicesavailabletothejuvenilecourt: ;,݌ F` (#` (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Withoutdeclaringwardship,theJuvenileCourtmaydismiss 8# thepetitionoutright(Welf.andInst.Code782)or,with Z$ enumeratedexceptions(e.g.,adjudicationsfor707(b)offenses, z%  certaindrugoffensesandgangoffensesabsentunusual &! circumstances(Welf.andInst.Code654.3)),thecourtmay ' # dismissthepetitionandreferthechildtotheprobationofficer (*$  forsixmonthsinformalprobation(Welf.andInst.Code654; )J%! CharlesS.v.SuperiorCourt(1982)32Cal.3d741,747);F݌+j&" (# (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Exceptwherethechildhasbeenadjudicatedforanoffense  enumeratedinsection654.3,withoutdeclaringwardship,the " courtmayplacetheminoronprobationforsixmonths(Welf. B andInst.Code725,subd.(a));݌b (# (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  3  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Ifthecourtdeclaresthechildaward,itmay makeanyand R  allreasonableordersforthecare,supervision,custody, t  conductmaintenanceandsupportofthechild, including   medicaltreatment.(Welf.andInst.Code727,subd.(a).)ɉ݌   (# (# Ќ  "ir"  ir͋0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  a  .3  0 (# (#  Thecourtmayorderthechildtobeonprobation D  withoutsupervisionbytheprobationofficerunlessthe f  childhasbeenadjudicatedawardforcommitting 6  enumeratedoffenses(e.g.,707(b)offenses,707(d) V  offenses,burglary,drugpossession)(Ibid.);ir͋݌v(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir(0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  b  .3  0 (# (#  Thecourtmayplaceachildinthehomeofhisorher   parentorguardianwithprobationconditions.(Welf. , andInst.Code729.2.)ir(U݌L(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  c  .3  0 (# (#  Thecourtmaymakea generalplacementorderunder < whichthechildisonprobationundersupervisionofthe ^ probationofficerwhohasdiscretiontoplacethechildin ~ thehomeofir݌(#(# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2(  1  )3  0h(#(#  hisparentorguardian,arelative,oranon  . relativeextendedfamilymember(Welf.andInst. "P Code727,subd.(a),para.(1));݌ #ph(#h(# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2(  2  )3  0h(#(#  alicensedfosterhomeorgrouphome(Id.,727, `%  subd.(a),para.(1));ߓ݌&!h(#h(# Ќ  "ir"  ir80  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  d  .3  0 (# (#  Thecourtmaycommitachilddeclaredtobeaward ($  undersection602toalocaljuvenilehome,ranch,camp, )8%! orforestrycamp,orifthecountyhasnoneofthese,the +X&" JuvenileHallundersupervisionoftheprobationofficer.  (Welf.andInst.Code730,subd.(a).)ir8e݌ (#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  e  .3  0 (# (#  Finally,thecourtmaycommitachilddeclaredtobea ` wardundersection602totheDepartmentofJuvenile 2  Justice(DJJ),formerlytheCaliforniaYouthAuthority.ir͗݌R (#(# Ќ  0  0` (#(#  May2009update :Ajuvenilecourtwardcanbe r  ЀcommittedtoDJJonlyifhe/shehascommittedan   ЀoffensedescribedinWelfareandInstitutionsCode    section707(b)andisnototherwiseineligiblefor "  commitmentunderWelfareandInstitutionsCode B  section733.Section733statesthatawardshallnotbe b  committedtoDJJifhe/shemeetsanyofthefollowing 2  threeconditions:1)Thewardisunder11yearsofage; R  2)Thewardissufferingfromanyinfectious,contagious, r orotherdiseasethatwouldprobablyendangerthelives  orhealthofotherinmatesatanyfacility.3)Themost  recentoffenseallegedinanypetitionandadmittedor " foundtobetruebythecourtisnotdescribedinsection B 707(b),unlesstheoffenseisasexoffensesetforthin b PenalCodesection290.008.(TheserestrictionsonDJJ 2 commitmentswentintoeffectonSeptember1,2007.)R` (#` (#  ";"  ;̟0  2  D  .3  0` (#(#  ProbationConditions ;̟݌` (#` (# Ќ  ""  Ġ0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Thecourthasbroaddiscretiontoimposeconditionsof  $ probationthatarereasonablydesignedto enhance the !F reformationandrehabilitationoftheward.(Welf.andInst. #f Code730,subd.(b);InreJoshW.(1997)55Cal.App.4th1,5.)Ġ݌6$ (# (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#   KK However,thecourtsdiscretiontoorderprobationconditions z&! isnotboundless.(Peoplev.Hackler(1993)13Cal.App.4th1049, '" 1058;Peoplev.Carbajal(1995)10Cal.4th1114,1121.)In ($  juvenilecases,asinadultcriminalcases,thecourtsdiscretion )4%! islimitedbytheLenttest.(Peoplev.Lent(1975)15Cal.3d481, +T&" 486;Peoplev.Beal(1997)60Cal.App.4th84,86;InreJoshW.,  supra.,55Cal.App.4that56.)Whenaprobationcondition $  requiresorforbidsconductwhichisnotitselfcriminal,itis H onlyvalidiftheconductis reasonablyrelatedtothecrimeof h whichthedefendantwasconvictedortofuturecriminality. 8  (Peoplev.Lent,supra.,at486;InreAngelJ.,supra.,9Cal.App. X  4that1100.) h Insettingtheconditionsofaminorsprobation, |  thejuvenilecourtmustconsidernotonlythecircumstancesof   thecrime,butalsotheminorsentiresocialhistory.(Inre   FrankieJ.(1998)198Cal.App.3d1149,1153;InreJimiA.(1989) 0  209Cal.App.3d482,488.)Eachcasemustbetakenonitsown T  facts,andaprobationconditionmustbetailoredtofitthe $t  circumstancesandmeettheminorsparticularneeds.(Inre D  TanyaB.(1996)43Cal.App.4th1,7;InreBinhL.(1992)5 h  Cal.App.4th194,203.),݌ (# (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  3  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Thejuvenilecourtsdiscretionaryauthoritytoorderprobation  conditionsisfurthercircumscribedbyconstitutional > considerations.(Peoplev.Bender(1988)205Cal.App.3d1277, ^ 1279.Conditionswhichinfringeonconstitutionalrightsmust 2 benarrowlydrawn,specificallytailoredtomeetthe R probationersindividualneeds,andreasonablyrelatedtothe r compellingstateinterestinreformationandrehabilitation.  (Peoplev.Hacker,supra.,13Cal.App.4that1058;Peoplev.Bauer,  supra.,221Cal.App.3dat942;;InreLaylahK.(1991)229 & Cal.App.3d1496,1502.)#K Kխ# KK ݌ J (# (# Ќ    #K KѮ# ""  m0  0` (#(#2  4  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Statutorilyauthorizedconditionsinclude:requiringthechild Z$ toattendschool;requiringthechildandparentstoattend |%  counseling;settingacurfew;requiringdrug/alcoholtesting, &! requiringdrugtreatment;orderingrestitution;andrequiring ' # communityservice.(Welf.andInst.Code729.2;729.3; (,$  729.7;729.8;729.9;729.10.)m݌)L%! (# (# Ќ  _ +l&" Ї ""  e0  0` (#(#2  5  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Generally,onecannotchallengeaprobationconditionas  unreasonableorunconstitutional(giventhefactsand " circumstancesoftheindividualcase)forthefirsttimeon B appeal;theminormustobjectatthedispositionalhearingto b preservethechallengeforappeal.However,thereisan 2  exceptionforchallengesassertingthataprobationconditionis R  vagueor_overbroad_Ԁonitsface.(InreSheenaK.(2007)40Cal. r  4th875.)e݌  (# (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  6  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Foradiscussionofchallengestoprobationconditions,see &   PROBATIONCONDITIONSIMPOSEDONJUVENILES: H  Whattypesofconditionsareunreasonableand j  unconstitutional? ,byKimberlyFitzgerald,FDAPStaff <  Attorney,January2004intheDelinquencylibraryofour ^  ArticlesDatabaseat41^O  5  http://www.fdap.org/r-article_search.php6O9,1  71"=.݌~ (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  E  .3  0` (#(#  NecessaryFindings/Orders ;=݌` (#` (# Ќ  ""   0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  [N]oward...shallbetakenfromthephysicalcustodyofa P parentorguardian,unlessuponthehearingthecourtfinds "r oneofthefollowingfacts: :݌B (# (# Ќ  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#(1)Thattheparentorguardianisincapableofprovidingor  hasfailedorneglectedtoprovidepropermaintenance,  training,andeducationfortheminor. (# (# 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#(2)Thattheminorhasbeentriedonprobationwhilein "R custodyandhasfailedtoreform."#r (# (# 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#(3)Thatthewelfareoftheminorrequiresthatcustodybe b%  takenfromtheminor'sparentorguardian.&! (# (# 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#(Welf.andInst.Code726,subd.(a).)($  (# (#  ""  0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Thecourtmustmakeprovisionforaresponsiblepartyto +R&" makeeducationaldecisionsforchild.(Welf.andInst.Code  726,subd.(b).)݌  (# (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  3  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Thecourtmustcalculatemaximumconfinementtime:Incases ` wheretheminorisremovedfromhisorherparentscustody 2  andorderedintooutofhomeplacementotherthanDJJ,the R  followingruleapplies: Iftheminorisremovedfromthe r  physicalcustodyofhisorherparentorguardian...,theorder   shallspecifythattheminormaynotbeheldinphysical    confinementforaperiodinexcessofthemaximumtermof "  imprisonmentwhichcouldbeimposeduponanadult B  convictedoftheoffenseoroffensesthechildwasfoundto b  havecommitted.(Welf.andInst.Code726,subd.(c).)݌2  (# (# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  a  .3  0 (# (#  Thisiscalculatedbyfirstdeterminingwhethertheterm r foranyoftheadjudicatedoffensesmustbe stayed  underPenalCode654.(InreBillyM.(1983)139Cal.  App.3d973,978.)However,asapracticalmatter, ( whetherthetermis stayedorsimplyconsidered H  concurrentwithanotherterm,theresultingmaximum h termcalculationwillbethesame.(Ibid.)ir݌8(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  b  .3  0 (# (#  Next,thecourtchoosesa basetermfromamongthose | offensesfoundtruethefelonyoffensewiththe  greatestupperterm,orthemisdemeanorwiththe  longestterm.Ifthepetitionprovidednotice(Inre  . MichaelB.(1980)28Cal.3d548,553554),thisoffense "R maybeonefromapreviousadjudication.(Welf.and &#v Inst.Code726;Pen.Code1170;1170.1;654;Inre F$ EricJ.(1979)25Cal.3d522.)ir݌j% (#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  c  .3  0 (# (#  Third,thecourtaddsanyapplicableenhancementtothe '" basetermforthechosenoffense.Inadultsentencing, ( $  thisiscalledthe principalterm.(Pen.Code1170; )@%! Id.,1170.1.)ir3݌+`&"(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  d  .3  0 (# (#  Fourth,thecourtaddsanyconsecutivesubordinate   termsforotheroffensesfoundtruealongwithany B applicableenhancements.Again,ifthepetition b providednotice(InreMichaelB.,supra,28Cal.3datpp. 2  553554),thesetermsmayincludethe unserved V  portionsoftermsfrompreviousadjudicationsifthe v  wardshipbasedonthepreviousadjudicationhasnot   beenterminated(InreDanaG.(1983)139Cal.App.3d    678,680681).Subordinateterms,arecalculatedat1/3 *  themiddletermforfeloniesand1/3thefulltermfor J  misdemeanors.(Pen.Code1170.1;InreEricJ.,supra, j  25Cal.3datpp.537538.) Specific,or conduct >  enhancements(e.g.useofagun(Pen.Code12022.5)or ^  inflictionofgreatbodilyinjury(Pen.Code12022.7) ~ appendedtosubordinatetermsareimposedat1/3as  well.Theresultingtermiscalledthe aggregateterm.irE݌(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  e  .3  0 (# (#  Finally,thecourtreducesthistermbysubtractingcredit N foranytimespentinalockedfacility.(InreEricJ.,  p supra,25Cal.3datpp.535536;InreRandyJ.(1994)22 D Cal.App.4th1497.)Juvenilesarenotentitledto h  conductcreditunderPenalCodesection4019.(Inre  RickyH.(1981)30Cal.3d176,185190.)ir݌(#(# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  f  .3  0 (# (#  Note:inapracticalsense,thecalculationofmaximum  @ confinementtimeoftenmakeslittlerealdifference. "b Mostlocalorlessrestrictivefacilitiesandprograms 2# haveaprogramterm(e.g.sixmonths,ninemonths)that R$ isfarshorterthanthemaximumconfinementtimeas r%  well.However,itisimportantthatthemaximumtime &! becorrectlycalculatedasanupperlimit,especiallyif '# probationviolationslaterresultinrecommitment.ir݌ ("$ (#(# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  4  .3  0 ` (#` (#  IfthewardiscommittedtotheDJJ,thejuvenilecourthasthe   discretiontocommithimorherforlessthanthemaximum B termbaseduponthefactsandcircumstancesofthematteror b matterswhichbroughtorcontinuedtheminorunderthe 2  jurisdictionofthejuvenilecourt.(Welf.andInst.Code731, R  subd.(b).)Inotherwords,whenaminoriscommittedtoDJJ, r  thejuvenilecourthasthediscretiontosetalessermaximum   termofconfinement!lessthanthemaximumtermthatcould    beimposeduponanadultconvictedofthesameoffenses.This "  provisionwaspassedin2003andwentintoeffectonJanuary B  1,2004.Forinterpretationofthisprovision,seeInreSeanW. b  (2005)127Cal.App.4th1177;InreCarlosE.(2005)127Cal. 6  App.4th1529;InreJacobJ.(2005)130Cal.App.4th429;Inre Z  AlexN.(2005)132Cal.App.4th18.5݌~ (# (# Ќ  "3"  32  III  .3  0    DEFERREDENTRYOFJUDGMENT( DEJ) 3݌(#(# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#  UnderWelfareandInstitutionsCodesections790,etseq.,the T juvenilecourt,withoutadjudicatingthepetition,maygrantcertain &v juvenilesdeferredentryofjudgment.Thepurposeofthedeferred F entryofjudgmentprogram,whichwasputintoeffectbyProposition f 21(aninitiativeapprovedbyCaliforniavotersin2000)istoprovide  aninformaljuvenilecourtalternativeforfirsttimenonviolent  offenders.Theyaregivena noncustodialopportunityto  demonstratethroughgoodconductandcompliancewithacourt  6 monitoredtreatmentandsupervisionprogramthattheirrecord "V shouldbejustlyexpunged.(SeeInreMarthaC.(2003)108Cal.App. &#v 4th556,561.);݌J$` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  B  .3  0` (#(#  Ifdeferredentryofjudgmentisgranted,thechildadmitsthe &! allegationsofthesection602petition,butajurisdictionaland '" dispositionalhearingisnotheld.Instead,entryofjudgmentis ($  deferredandthechildisrequiredtocomplywithcertainconditions. )<%! Ifheorshecomplieswiththoseconditions,foraperiodof12to36  +\&" months,thechargesinthesection602petitionaredismissed,the  arrestisdeemednevertohaveoccurredandthechildsjuvenile   recordissealed.(SeeWelf.&Inst.Code,790794;Cal.Rulesof @ Court,Rule5.800.); ݌`` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  C  .3  0` (#(#  TheDEJstatuteimposesmandatorydutiesonboththeprosecutor P  andthejuvenilecourt.Theprosecutormustdetermineifthechildis r  eligibleforDEJ(i.e.doesheorshemeetthequalificationssetforthin   Welf.&Inst.Code,790,subd.(a))andnotifythechildandhisor    herattorney.Then,thejuvenilecourtmustdetermineifthechildis "  suitableforDEJ;thecourtmustexaminetherecord,conducta B  hearing,andmakethefinaldeterminationofwhethertheminorwill b  derivebenefitfromeducation,treatmentandrehabilitation,rather 2  thanfromamorerestrictivecommitment.(Welf.&Inst.Code,791, R  subd.(b);Rule5.800:InreLuisB.(2006)142Cal.App.4th1117,1121 r 1123;InreSergioR.(2003)106Cal.App.4th597,605,607.)Ifaminor  receivesnoticeofDEJeligibility,butthenconteststheallegationsof   thepetitionratherthanadmittingthoseallegations,he/shemaybe * deemedtohaverejectedDEJ.(InreKennethJ.(2008)158Cal.App.4th J 973.);݌n` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  D  .3  0` (#(#  Qualifications: TobeadmittedtotheDEJprogram,aminormust ^ beeligibleundersection790,subdivision(a).(MarthaC.v.Superior  Court(2003)108Cal.App.4th556,560.)AchildiseligibleforDEJif  allofthefollowingapply:;݌` (#` (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Thechildis14yearsorolderatthetimeofthehearingonthe "X applicationfordeferredentryofjudgment;݌(#x (# (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Theoffenseallegedisnotlistedinsection707(b);K݌H$ (# (# Ќ  ""  C0  0` (#(#2  3  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Thechildhasnotbeenpreviouslydeclaredawardofthecourt h%  basedonthecommissionofafelonyoffense;Cp݌&! (# (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  4  .3  0 ` (#` (#  ThechildhasnotbeenpreviouslycommittedtotheCalifornia '" DepartmentofCorrectionsandRehabilitation,Divisionof ($  JuvenileJustice;݌)8%! (# (# Ќ  ""  U0  0` (#(#2  5  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Ifthechildispresentlyorwaspreviouslyawardofthecourt, +X&" probationhasnotbeenrevokedbeforecompletion;U݌ (# (# Ќ  ""  0  0` (#(#2  6  .3  0 ` (#` (#  ThechildmeetstheeligibilitystandardsstatedinPenalCode   section1203.06forprobation;and݌@ (# (# Ќ  ""  20  0` (#(#2  7  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Thechildadmitsalloftheallegationsinthepetition,waives ` hisrighttospeedyadjudicationandpronouncementof 0  judgment.2_݌P  (# (# Ќ  0  0` (#(#(Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.800;Welf.andInst.Code791,subd.(a).)p ` (#` (#   E.0 ` Whenachildmeetsthequalificationssetforthinsection791(a)and   isthuseligibleforDEJ,thejuvenilecourtsummarilygrantdeferred   entryofjudgmentorreferthemattertotheprobationdepartment @  forareportontheminorssuitability.Inassessingthechilds `  suitability,boththeprobationdepartmentandthejuvenilecourt 0  mustconsiderthechildsage,maturity,educationalbackground, P  familyrelationships,demonstrablemotivation,treatmenthistory, p andothermitigatingandaggravatingfactorsindetermining  whethertheminorisapersonwhowouldbebenefittedby  education,treatmentandrehabilitation.(Welf.&Inst.Code,791,   subd.(b);Rule5.800;InreSergioR.,supra.,at603607.)@` (#` (#   F. 0 ` Uponadeterminationofunsatisfactoryperformanceduringthe 4 deferral,thejuvenilecourtmay lifttheDEJandschedulea V dispositionalhearing.(Welf.andInst.Code793,subd.(a).)v` (#` (#  "3"  3e2  IV  .3  0    MODIFICATIONOFORDERS 3e݌(#(# Ќ  ";"  ;L0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#  ProbationViolations(WelfareandInstitutionsCode777) ;Ly݌!H` (#` (# Ќ     ` 1. 0 Anotice,inlieuofaformalpetition,maybefiledbythe :$ probationofficerortheDistrictAttorneyunderWelfareand \%  InstitutionsCode777,allegingthatthewardhasviolateda |&! conditionofprobationbyconduct notamountingtoacrime. '" (777,subd.(a).)Thenoticemustcontainaconcisestatement ( $  offactstosupportthiscontention.),%! (# (#  *L&"    ` 2. 0 Theprovisionallowingjuvenileprobationrevocation  proceedingstobeinitiatedbyanotice,ratherthanbyaformal "  supplementalpetition,resultedfromProposition21,an B initiativepassedbythevotersin2000.Amongotherthings, b Proposition21amendedWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection 2  777tomakeitsubstantiallyeasiertomoveaminorintoamore R  restrictiveplacementforviolationofprobation.Fora r  discussionofthesechanges,see HOWPROPOSITION21   AMENDEDWELFAREANDINSTITUTIONSCODE    SECTION777ANDCHANGEDPROBATIONVIOLATION &  PROCEDURESFORJUVENILEWARDS ,byKathryn H  Seligman,FDAPStaffAttorney,January2004,inthe j  DelinquencylibraryofourArticlesDatabaseat :  4$ O  5  http://www.fdap.org/rarticle6O   7search.php.Z  (# (#     ` 3.0 Juvenileprobationrevocationproceedingsarenowsimilarto  adultprobationrevocationproceedingsandthewardis   generallyentitledtothesamedueprocessprotections , providedadultsinthoseproceedings.(SeeInreEddieM. L (2003)31Cal.4th480,501502.) p (# (#     ` 4. 0 Specifically,however,theallegationsneedonlybeproventrue ` apreponderanceoftheevidence.(Welf.andInst.Code777,  subd.(c).)(InreEddieM.,supra.,31Cal.4that501,508.) (# (#     ` 5. 0 Section777,subd.(c)states: [R]eliablehearsayevidenceis  6 admissibleinsofarasitwouldbe admissibleinanadult "X probationrevocationhearing[under]Peoplev.Brown[(1989)] (#x 215Cal.App.3d452andanyotherrelevantprovisionoflaw. L$ Essentially,therulesgoverningtheadmissibilityofhearsayin l%  adultprobationrevocationproceedingsapplytojuvenile &! probationrevocationproceedings.(SeeInreKentronD.(2002) '" 101Cal.App.4th1381;InreEddieM.,supra.,31Cal.4that501 ( $  502.)Theserules,whichbasicallyprovidedifferentstandards )D%! fordeterminingthereliabilityandadmissibilityof +d&" documentaryhearsayasopposedtotestimonialhearsayare  setforthinPeoplev.Winson(1981)29Cal.3d711;Peoplev.   Maki(1985)39Cal.3d707,andPeoplev.Arreola(1994)7Cal.4th D 1144;seealsoPeoplev.OConnell(2003)107Cal.App.4th1062.) h NotethatCrawfordv.Washington(2004)541U.S.36heldthat <   testimonialhearsayisinadmissibleagainstanadultcriminal `  defendant.However,Division3oftheFirstDistrictCourtof   AppealhasheldthatCrawforddoesnotapplytoadult   probationrevocationproceedings.(Peoplev.Johnson(2004)121    Cal.App.4th1409,1411.)8  (# (#    ` 6. 0 Whatifthejuvenilewardcommitsaviolationofprobation (x  whichalsoconstitutesacrime!forexample,theward J  commitsanassaultorescapesfromthejuvenileranch?Any j  probationviolation,includingconductthatisinherently  criminalinnature,canbeallegedinasection777notice,filed  byeitherthedistrictattorneyortheprobationofficer.(SeeIn  reEddieM.,supra.,31Cal.4that490502;InreEmilianoM. > (2003)31Cal.4th510,516517.)Therefore,ifajuvenilewardon b probationcommitsacrime(e.g.escapesfromtheranch),the 2 governmenthasthreeoptions:1)Thedistrictattorneyorthe R probationofficercanfileasection777noticeallegingthatthe r wardviolatedprobationby failingtoobeyalllaws,   escapingfromtheranch,or leavingtheranchwithout  permission.However,inthatnotice,theprosecutorcannot " formallyallegeaviolationofWelfareandInstitutionsCode  B section871.Theallegationthatthewardescapedfromthe "b ranchwouldneededtobeprovedbyapreponderanceofthe 2# evidence,andreliablehearsaywouldbeadmissible.Ifthe R$ prosecutionprevails,thewardcanbemovedintomore r%  restrictivecustody,buthewouldnothaveanewcrimeonhis &! juvenilerecord.2)Thedistrictattorneycanfileaformalsection '# 602petitionallegingthenewcrimeescapingfromajuvenile ("$  facilityinviolationofWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection )B%! 871.Underthisoption,theprosecutormustprovethecriminal +b&" allegationbeyondareasonabledoubt.Ifthedistrictattorney  prevails,thewardhasthisnewcrimeonhisrecordandhis   maximumconfinementtimeisincreased.3)Thedistrict @ attorneycanfilebothaformalsection602petition(alleging ` thenewcrime)andasection777petition(allegingaprobation 0  violation).P  (# (#  ";"  ;0  2  B  .3  0` (#(#  PetitionsforModification(WelfareandInstitutionsCodesections   775,777,and779);(݌  ` (#` (# Ќ     `    ` 1.0 Section775investsthejuvenilecourtwithcontinuing F  jurisdictionoveritswardsandprovidesthejuvenilecourt h  judgewiththepowertochange,modifyorsetasideanyprior 8  order,includingadispositionalorder.Thejuvenilecourthas X  jurisdictiontohearanddetermineanypriororder,including x anorderdeclaringwardship,eventhoughanappealis  pendingfromthatorder.(InreCorey(1964)230Cal.App.2d  813,819.), (# (#    ` 2. 0 Section778and779setforththeproceduresforpetitioningthe l juvenilecourtformodificationofapreviousorder,specifically > includinganordercommittingthejuvenilewardtoDJJ.The ^ probationofficer,theward,or any...personhavingan ~ interestinthewardmaypetitionthejuvenilecourttomodify  anexistingorder.(Welf.andInst.Code778[anyorder];Id.,  779[anordercommittingthewardtotheCalifornia  2 DepartmentoftheCorrectionsandRehabilitation,Divisionof "R JuvenileJustice( DJJ)].)"#r (# (#     ` 3.0 Iftheverifiedpetitionallegesfactsfromwhichitmaybe b%  concludedthat thebestinterestsofthechildmaybe &! promotedbytheproposedchangeoforder,thecourtmust '" grantthepetitionerahearing.(Welf.andInst.Code778; ($  Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.570(e).))4%! (# (#  +T&"     ` 4.0 Thejuvenilecourtmustdeterminewhether changed  circumstancesor newevidencewarrantthemodificationof " theexistingorder.(Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.570(e);InreCorey B (1964)230Cal.App.2d813,831.)f (# (#     ` 5.0 Again,theallegationsneedonlybeproventruea V  preponderanceoftheevidence.(Cal.RulesofCt.,rule x  5.570(i);InreGlenJ.(1979)97Cal.App.3d981,987.)  (# (#    ` 6. 0 Asnoted,ajuvenilewardorhisrepresentativecanfilea ,   petitionformodificationrequestingthatanydispositional N  orderbemodifiedbecauseofchangedcircumstancesornew n  evidence.(SeeWelf.&Inst.Code,778)Mostsignificantly,a >  juvenilewardcanfileapetitiontomodifyorvacatehis ^  commitmenttotheDJJ.(SeeWelf.&Inst.Code,778and779) ~ Thewardcanmakethisrequestbasedonchanged  circumstancesornewevidence.Thewardcanalsoallegethat  heisunlikelytobenefitfromtheeducationandtreatment . providedbytheDJJ,consistentwithWelfareandInstitutions N Codesection734.(SeeWelf.&Inst.Code,734,779;Inre n AntoineD.(2006)137Cal.App.4th1314,13221323.)B (# (#    ` "3"  3l+2  V  .3  0    TERMINATIONOFJURISDICTION 3l++݌(#(# Ќ  ";"  ;W,0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#  Inmostcases,thejuvenilecourtretainsjurisdictionoverthesection  8 602warduntilthewardis21yearsold:Generally, [t]hecourtmay  "Z retainjurisdictionoveranypersonwhoisfoundtobeawardor *#z dependentchildofthejuvenilecourtuntilthewardordependent J$ childattainstheageof21years.(Welf.andInst.Code607,subd. j%  (a),emphasisadded.);W,,݌&!` (#` (# Ќ    B.0 ` However,insomecases,thejuvenilecourtretainsjurisdictionuntil ($  thesection602wardis25yearsold:Ifthewardshipisbasedon )<%! commissionofanenumeratedseriousfelonyundersubdivision(b)  +\&" ofsection707( section707(b)offense),andthewardissenttothe  DJJ,ortoamentalhealthfacilityuponapleaofinsanity(Welf.and   Inst.Code702.3),thecourtmayretainjurisdictionuntiltheward @ reachestheageof25years.(Welf.andInst.Code607,subd.(b) ` and(d).)However,thecourtmaynotterminatejurisdiction,leaving 0  thewardincustodyoforundersupervisionoftheDJJ.(Welf.and P  Inst.Code607,subd.(c).)p ` (#` (#  ";"  ;20  2  B  .3  0` (#(#  TheDJJmaintainsjurisdictionoverawardcommittedtoituntilthe   wardreachestheageof21years,unlessthecommitmentisbasedon "  asection707(b)offense,inwhichcase,DJJjurisdictionlastsuntilage B  25.(Welf.andInst.Code1769.);22݌b ` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;40  2  C  .3  0` (#(#  Thejuvenilecourtshallnotdischargeanypersonfromits R  jurisdictionwhohasbeencommittedtotheDJJ,solongasthe t personremainsunderthejurisdictionoftheDJJ.(Welf.AndInst.  Code607,subd.(c).Thejuvenilecourtretainsjurisdictionevenif  thewardscommitmenttotheDJJisvacated.(InreAntoineD.(2006) $ 137Cal.App.4th1314,1323.);44݌H` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;70  2  D  .3  0` (#(#  Notwithstandingthecourtsgeneralpowertoretainjurisdiction 8 untiltheseagelimits,thejuvenilecourtcandismissapetitionorset Z asidefindingsatanytime,evenafterproofbeyondareasonable z doubt,intheinterestofjustice.(Welf.andInst.Code775;782.);77݌` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;90  2  E  .3  0` (#(#  WhenajuvenilewardiscommittedtotheDJJ,thejuvenilecourt  * retainsjurisdictionoverthatward.However,thejuvenilecourtdoes !L nothavedirectsupervisionoverthatwardsrehabilitation.Thus,for #l example,thejuvenilecourtcannotcontrolthewardsbehavioratthe <$ DJJbyimposingconditionsofprobation.(SeeInreAllenN.(2000)84 \%  Cal.App.4th513.);99݌&!` (#` (# Ќ  "3"  3<2  VI  .3  0    VENUEANDTRANSFER 3<<݌($ (#(# Ќ  ";"  ;o=0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#  Generally,venueorterritorialjurisdictionisestablishedbyreference +R&" toeitherwherethecriminalconductoccurred,wherethechildis  found,orthecountyofhislegalresidence(thecountyofresidenceof   thepersonwithphysicalcustodyofthechild).(Welf.andInst.Code @ 651;Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.610.);o==݌`` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;?0  2  B  .3  0` (#(#  Afterapetitionhasbeensustainedinthecountywheretheoffense P  occurredorwherethechildwasfound,andpriortothe r  dispositionalhearing,thecourtmaytransferthemattertothecounty   ofthechildslegalresidenceforthedispositionalhearing.(Welf.    andInst.Code750;InreRamonaS.(1976)64Cal.App.3d945.)In "  suchacase,thechildisentitledtoa transferouthearingto F  determinewhetherthetransferisinhis/herbestinterest.(Cal.Rules f  ofCt.,rule5.610(e).)Thechildisalsoentitledtoa transferin 6  hearinginthereceivingcountytodeterminethevalidityofthat V  countysterritorialjurisdictionandtomakeanorderforthechilds v custody/placementpendingthedispositionalhearing.(Cal.Rulesof  Ct.,rule5.612.);?@݌` (#` (# Ќ  "3"  3D2  VII  .3  0    DIRECTFILESAND UNFITJUVENILES 3DD݌F(#(# Ќ  ";"  ;E0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#  AsanexceptiontothejurisdictionoftheJuvenileCourtoverthose 8 childrenwhocommitcriminaloffenses,theprosecutormust Z prosecuteajuvenileinadultcourtforspecificenumeratedoffenses z (e.g.capitalmurderandundercertainconditionsforciblesex  offenses)ifthechildisatleast14yearsofageorolderatthetimeof   theallegedoffense,andthechildisallegedtobetheactual  * perpetrator.(Welf.andInst.Code602,subd.(b).);EE݌!J` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;H0  2  B  .3  0` (#(#  Further,theprosecutormay directfileacaseinadultcriminal :$ courtinseveralsituationsunlessthechildandoffensequalifyfor \%  mandatoryadultprosecutionundersubdivision(b)ofsection602:;HI݌|&!` (#` (# Ќ  ""  J0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  wherethechildis16yearsofageorolderandJJ݌( $  (# (# Ќ  "ir"  irK0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  a  .3  0 (# (#  isallegedtohavecommittedanoffenseenumeratedin *N&" subdivision(b)ofsection707(seriousandviolent  felonies)(Welf.andInst.Code707,subd.(d),para.   (1));irKL݌@(#(# Ќ  "ir"  irM0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  b  .3  0 (# (#  isallegedtohavecommittedanyfelonyagainstan 0  elderlyordisabledvictim(Welf.andIns.Code707, R  subd.(d),para.(3))havingbeenpreviouslyadjudicated r  forsuchanoffense;irM N݌ (#(# Ќ  "ir"  irO0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  c  .3  0 (# (#  isallegedtohavecommittedahatecrimeoracrimeto "  benefitacriminalstreetgang(Welf.andInst.Code D  707,subd.(d),para.(3)).irO P݌d (#(# Ќ  ""  Q0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  andwherethechildisatleast14yearsofageandQQ݌T  (# (# Ќ  "ir"  irR0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  a  .3  0 (# (#  ithasbeenallegedthechildpersonallyusedafirearmin  thecommissionoftheoffense(Welf.andInst.Code  707,subd.(d),para.(2));irRR݌((#(# Ќ  "ir"  irT0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  b  .3  0 (# (#  ithasbeenallegedthechildcommitteda707(b)offense h havingbeenpreviouslyadjudicatedforsuchanoffense, : ortheoffensewasallegedlycommittedtobenefita Z criminalstreetgang,ortheoffenseconstitutedahate z crime,ortheallegedvictimwaselderlyordisabled  (Welf.andInst.Code707,subd.(d),para.(2)).irTT݌ (#(# Ќ  ";"  ;EW0  2  C  .3  0` (#(#  Finally,thoughgiventhediscretionary directfileprovisionsitis !J notlikelytobeused,theprosecutioncanseeka fitnesshearingin #l twosituations:;EWrW݌<$` (#` (# Ќ  ""  X0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  wherethechildis16yearsorolder,andisallegedtocome |&! withinsubdivision(a)ofsection602basedonanyoffense, '" exceptthoseenumeratedinsubdivision(b)ofsection707 ($  (Welf.andInst.Code707,subd.(a));X'Y݌).%! (# (# Ќ   *N&"  ""   [0  0` (#(#2  2  .3  0 ` (#` (#  andwherethechildis14yearsorolder,andisallegedtocome  withinsubdivision(a)ofsection602basedona707(b)offense " (Welf.andInst.Code707,subd.(c)). [M[݌B (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;\0  2  D  .3  0` (#(#  Theproceduresapplicableto directfiles,fitnesshearingsand 2   unfitjuvenilescanbefoundinsections707,707.1,707.2and707.4.;\]݌T ` (#` (# Ќ  "3"  3y^2  VIII  .3  0    APPEALS3y^^݌ (#(# Ќ  ";"  ;M_0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#  Theinitialdispositionalorderisthe judgmentforpurposesofthe (  appeal.(See,InreEliF.(1989)212Cal.App.3d228,232233[a J  dependencycasediscussingthegenesisoftherighttoappealin n  juvenilecases].)It,andanysubsequent orderafterjudgmentare >  appealable.(Welf.andInst.Code800,subd.(a);Cal.RulesofCt., ^  rule5.585.);M_z_݌~` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ; b0  2  B  .3  0` (#(#  Anappealistakenbyfilinganoticeofappealinthejuvenilecourt  within60daysoftheorderfromwhichtheappealistaken.(Welf. 0 andInst.Code800.); b9b݌P` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;c0  2  C  .3  0` (#(#  Althoughthereisnoprovisionforbailforjuvenileoffenders @ pendingappeal,whethertoreleasethewardpendingappealis b withinthediscretionofthejuvenilecourt.(Welf.andInst.Code  800.);cc݌` (#` (# Ќ  ";"  ;e0  2  D  .3  0` (#(#  Achildappealingfromanorderofthejuvenilecourtisentitledto  2 appointmentofcounselonappeal.(Welf.andInst.Code800.)