WPC  Z7+`(yʝ7+`*Vv}+IЗz?}+@0meVޛP3cn]iܶTqKnl̤oJRP4ʓ=qG(v}<:W :e;=X/6 *8]"-+-WR1T"PyFOrw/TSTPN?n)xg ǎNX3-׏lEsU0QuedES28딆ϊsu3gʀ65y^1ZYhЎa 7ZSE#UN % 0Y^ < wH 4L ` o mq 1s 72 1u- 72 0c N7 0Aw9 0P 0P: 0 0 0U 00 0D 1c 72  0N0 0A~ 0,TU RUDe 0h <"^;bl  HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL6,,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX(1$OXXUSUS.,L> Qz>:i+003|x#U337=CIOW_eI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) 1)3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  (O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(#({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#2#     )3  0p(#p(# xlGaeimquy}Oh My StarsStar BulletsHHHHHHHHHSR;677(O$(Vm$0   (,!$0  0` (#(#  ,hZ:Palatino Linotype Regular,hZ,Palatino Linotype (@$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# ` !http://www.fdap.org/r-article SiracoRicky DJJ Welf DEJsearch.phpR]eliableKentronWinson MakiArreolaEmilianoCoreyi CYA t]heCal.App FDAPdispositional subd Usef T.J.subdsWinshipGaultnontestifyingCuevasAffdIn In E.L.NirranMarvenManzyBoykin TahlArbuckleMikkelsenlighfTeofiliowardship J.L.HacklerCarbajal Beal Jimi BinhLaylahoverbroadSeligman N]o R.O.reviewablepage page chapter volume footnote endnote  http://www.fdap.org/r-article_search.php?category=allSR;679SR;680 !@1XXUSUS.,  _@1    k BASICJUVENILECRIMINALLAWANDPROCEDURE #k֖#  byAlanSiraco,KathrynSeligmanandRichardBraucher,FDAPStaffAttorneys g updatedApril2011         8d"d8TABLEOFCONTENTS     Page  E   #.  Vm  Vm0     INTRODUCTORYNOTEREGARDINGJUVENILECRIMINALPROCEDURE :  ANDTERMINOLOGY#""J(#.(#(##1Vm݌ \  Ќ  Vm  Vm0     I.0(#(#INITIATINGJURISDICTION#""J(#.  &(#(##2Vm݌   Ќ  !  !0  0` (#(#    A.0` ` (#` (#Generally#""J(#.  ` (#` (##2!݌ 4  Ќ  !  !0  0` (#(#    B.0` ` (#` (#TheSection602Petition#""J(#.GG,` (#` (##4!݌ (x  Ќ  !  !0  0` (#(#    C.0` ` (#` (#DeferredEntryofJudgment(DEJ)#""J(#.4` (#` (##4!݌ l  Ќ  !  !y0  0` (#(#    D.0` ` (#` (#DualDelinquencyandDependencyJurisdiction(Welfareand  InstitutionsCodesection241.1)#""J(#.  4` (#` (##8!y݌ " Ќ  !  !0  0` (#(#    E.0` ` (#` (#TheJurisdictionalHearing#""J(#.GG.` (#` (##8!݌ f Ќ  !  ! 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   1.0 (# (#Timeliness#""J(#.# (# (##8! ݌ Z Ќ  !  ! 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   2.0 (# (#BurdenofProof#""J(#.( (# (##9! ݌  Ќ  !  ! 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   3.0 (# (#ProceduralRights#""J(#.oo* (# (##9! ݌ 2 Ќ  !  ! 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   4.0 (# (#NecessaryFindings/Orders#P"P"I(#.2 (# (##13! ݌ &"v Ќ  !  ! 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   5.0 (# (#AdmissionoftheAllegations#P"P"I(#.5 (# (##14! ݌ j$ Ќ  !  !0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `   6.0 (# (#TransferofJurisdictionaftertheJurisdictionalHearing#P"P"I(#.& & R (# (##17!݌ &! Ќ  Vm  Vm0     II.0(#(#DISPOSITION#P"P"I(#.z z (#(##17Vm݌ (B$  Ќ  !  !0  0` (#(#    0` ` (#` (#!݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  !  !k0  0` (#(#    A.0` ` (#` (#RighttoaHearing#P"P"I(#.FF&` (#` (##17!k݌ 6+&" Ќ  __!  !w0  0` (#(#    B.0` ` (#` (#ConductoftheHearing#P"P"I(#.55*` (#` (##18!w݌  Ќ  !  !h0  0` (#(#    C.0` ` (#` (#Dispositionalchoicesavailabletothejuvenilecourt#P"P"I(#.I` (#` (##20!h݌ D Ќ  !  !x0  0` (#(#    D.0` ` (#` (#ProbationConditions#P"P"I(#.dd(` (#` (##22!x݌ 8  Ќ  !  !g0  0` (#(#    E.0` ` (#` (#NecessaryFindings/Orders#P"P"I(#.-` (#` (##24!g݌ |  Ќ  !  ![0  0` (#(#    F.0` ` (#` (#CalculationofMaximumConfinementTimeandCredits#P"P"I(#.G` (#` (##24![v݌    Ќ  III.0  MODIFICATIONOFORDERS#P"P"I(#.%(#(##28 T  !  !0  0` (#(#    A.0` ` (#` (#ProbationViolations(WelfareandInstitutionsCode777)#P"P"I(#.//N` (#` (##28!݌ H  Ќ  !  !0  0` (#(#    B.0` ` (#` (#PetitionsforModification(WelfareandInstitutionsCodesections  775,777,and779)#P"P"I(#.&` (#` (##31!݌  Ќ  Vm  Vm&0     IV.0(#(#TERMINATIONOFJURISDICTION#P"P"I(#.*(#(##32Vm&B݌ B Ќ  Vm  Vm 0     V.0(#(# DIRECTFILESAND UNFITJUVENILES#P"P"I(#.3(#(##33Vm %݌ 6 Ќ  Vm  Vm0     VI.0(#(#APPEALS#P"P"I(#. (#(##35Vm݌ z Ќ      (33    '8@1dd"8INTRODUCTORYNOTEREGARDINGJUVENILECRIMINAL  PROCEDUREANDTERMINOLOGY #   Juveniledelinquencyproceedings,sometimescalledjuvenilecriminal i proceedings,aredifferentfromadultcriminalproceedings.Mostoftherules ;  governingjuvenilecriminalproceedingsarefoundintheWelfareand ]  InstitutionsCode.Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionsinprocedureand   interminologyandtousethecorrectterminologyinyourappellatebriefs.     First,thejuvenilecriminalproceedingstakeplaceinthe juvenilecourt,a 5  specialbranchofthe superiorcourt.Second,theadjudicationofthejuveniles W  criminaloffensesisinitiatedbythefilingofa petitionratherthana )y   complaintor information.Third,ifthejuvenilechallengestheadmissionof K  evidence,arguingthatitwasseizedinviolationofhisFourthAmendmentrights, m  hefilesamotionpursuantto WelfareandInstitutionsCodesection700.1,rather  thanPenalCodesection1538.5.Fourth,thejuvenilemay admitthathe  committedtheallegedcriminaloffensesorenteranocontestplea;thejuvenile $ doesnotentera guiltyplea.Fifth,ifthejuveniledoesnotadmitthecriminal F allegations,theprosecution,calledthe petitioner,mustprovethoseallegations h beyondareasonabledoubtatacontested jurisdictionalhearing,ratherthanat : a trial.Sixth,thejuvenileisnotfound guilty;thecriminalallegationsare \  foundtrueor nottrue,oftheallegationsofthepetitionare sustained. ~ Finally,thejuvenilecourtdoesnotimposea sentence.Rather,heimposesa   dispositionalorderata dispositionalhearing.     Ofcourse,themajordistinctionbetweenjuvenilecriminalandadult !W criminalproceedingsisthatjuvenileschargedwithcrimes,injuvenilecourt,have )"y norighttoajurytrial.Nevertheless,whenthecriminalallegationsare K# adjudicatedatacontestedjurisdictionalhearing,oneseesmanyofthesame m$ issuesthatonefindsinadultcriminalappeals,includingchallengestothe %  sufficiencyoftheevidenceandtotheadmissionofevidence(hearsayissues, &" confrontationissues,involuntaryconfessions,etc.)Therearealsomanytypesof '## jurisdictionalanddispositionalissuesthatonlyariseinjuvenilecriminal (E$  proceedings. *g%!   9+&"  "3"   3)2  I  .3  0    INITIATINGJURISDICTION  *3))*݌(#(# Ќ  ";"   ;*0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#  Generally  #+;*0+݌E` (#` (# Ќ  ""  ,0  0` (#(#2  1  .3  0 ` (#` (#  Therearetwoprovisionsgoverningtheinitiationof :  jurisdictionbytheJuvenileCourtoveraminorunderage18 ]  whohasallegedlyengagedin delinquentbehavior:,0,݌  (# (# Ќ  e "ir"  ir-0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  a  .3  0 s# s#  Section601:Anypersonundertheageof18years, who    persistentlyorhabituallyrefusestoobeythereasonable 6  andproperordersordirectionsofhisorherparents, X  guardian,orcustodian,orwhoisbeyondthecontrolof *z  thatperson,or...violatedanyordinance... L  establishingacurfewbasedsolelyonageiswithinthe n  jurisdictionofthejuvenilecourtwhichmayadjudgethe  minortobeawardofthecourt.(Welf.andInst.Code  601,subd.(a).)ir- .݌$s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ira10  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  b  .3  0 s# s#  Section602:Inaddition,generally,anypersonunderthe h ageof18yearswho violatesanylaw...otherthanan ; ordinanceestablishingacurfewbasedsolelyonage,is ] withinthejurisdictionofthejuvenilecourt,whichmay  adjudgesuchpersontobeawardofthecourt.(Welf.  andInst.Code602,subd.(a).)ira11݌s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir40  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  c  .3  0 s# s#  Note:AtFDAP,werarelyseeanappealfroman !W adjudicationofwardshipunderWelf.andInst.Codeir4E4݌*"zs#s# Ќ  0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#0 s# s#601.Almostallofour juvenilecriminalappealsare L# fromadjudicationsofwardshipunder602.n$s#s#  ""  60  0` s#s#2  2  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Competency 66݌&" s# s# Ќ  0  0` s#s#UnderDuskyv.UnitedStates(1960)362U.S.402,402,acriminal (G$  defendantisdeemedcompetenttostandtrialonlyifhe has *j%! sufficientpresentabilitytoconsultwithhislawyerwithareasonable <+&" degreeofrationalunderstandingand hasarationalaswellas  factualunderstandingoftheproceedingsagainsthim.In2010, " WelfareandInstitutionsCodesection709codifiedtheDusky D standardfor601and602cases.(Welf.&Inst.Code,709,subds. g (a),(e).)Thus,ifthecourtfindssubstantialevidenceraisesadoubtas 9  totheminor'scompetency,theproceedingsmustbesuspendedand [  themattersetforahearing.(Welf.&Inst.Code,709,subd.(a).)The }  courtmust appointanexperttoevaluatewhethertheminorsuffers   fromamentaldisorder,developmentaldisability,developmental    immaturity,orotherconditionand,ifso,whethertheconditionor 3  conditionsimpairtheminorscompetency.(Welf.&Inst.Code, U  709,subd.(b).)Theexpertappointedmust haveexpertiseinchild 'w  andadolescentdevelopment,andtrainingintheforensicevaluation I  ofjuveniles,andshallbefamiliarwithcompetencystandardsand k  acceptedcriteriausedinevaluatingcompetence.(Welf.&Inst.  Code,709,subd.(b).)Thestatutealsocallsforthedevelopmentand  adoptionofrulesimplementingtheserequirements(notadoptedas ! ofApril,2011).(Ibid.)Incompetenceisestablishedbya C preponderanceoftheevidence.Iftheminorisfoundtobe f incompetent,proceedingsmustremainsuspended foraperiodof 8 timethatisnolongerthanreasonablynecessarytodetermine Z whetherthereisasubstantialprobabilitythattheminorwillattain | competencyintheforeseeablefuture,orthecourtnolongerretains  jurisdiction.(Welf.&Inst.Code,709,subd.(c).)Whiletheminoris  incompetent,thecourtmayruleonmotions thatdonotrequirethe 2 participationoftheminorinthepreparationofthemotions, !T includingmotionstodismiss,motionsbythedefenseregardinga &"v changeintheplacementoftheminor,detentionhearings,and H# demurrers.(Ibid.)j$` s#` s#    ` 3.0 Venue&! s# s#  0  0` s#s#Generally,venueorterritorialjurisdictionisestablishedbyreference (E$  toeitherwherethecriminalconductoccurred,wheretheminoris *g%! found,orthecountyofhislegalresidence(thecountyofresidenceof 9+&" thepersonwithphysicalcustodyoftheminor).(Welf.andInst.Code  651;Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.610.) "` s#` s#    `     h    B.0 ` TheSection602Petition  Ef` s#` s#     ` 1.0 Juveniledelinquencyactionsarebegunbythefilingofa [  petitionunderWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection602. ~  (Welf.andInst.Code602;630;650.)Iftheminorhasbeen   heldindetention,thepetitionmustbefiledwithin48hoursof    thetimehewastakenintocustody.(Welf.andInst.Code 4  626,subd.(d);Id.,626.5,subd.(b);631,subd.(a).)The V  petitionmuststatethecodesectionunderwhichitisbrought, )y  identifytheminorandincludenoticetotheminorsparents. K  (Welf.andInst.Code656.)m  s# s#     ` 2.0 Apetitionundersection602,allegingcriminaloffenses,is  broughtbytheDistrictAttorney.(Welf.andInst.Code650, $ subd.(c).)Itmustcontainaconcisestatementofthefactson F whichthepetitionisbased.(Welf.andInst.Code656,subd. h (f).)Thepetitionmustidentifytheallegedoffenseandstate : whethertheallegedoffenseisamisdemeanororafelony. \ (Welf.andInst.Code656.1.)~ s# s#     ` 3.0 Ifthepetitionistheminorsfirstsection602petition,itmaybe  calledan OriginalPetition.Ifprevioussection602petitions 5 havebeenfiledagainsttheminor,andheorsheisalreadya !W wardofthejuvenilecourt,thepetitionmaybecalleda )"y  SubsequentPetition.TheSubsequentPetitionwillusuallylist K# theminorsoffensesthathavebeenpreviouslysustained.m$ s# s#     C.0 ` DeferredEntryofJudgment(DEJ)  NM&"` s#` s#    ` 1. 0 UnderWelfareandInstitutionsCodesections790,etseq.,the (F$  juvenilecourt,withoutadjudicatingthepetition,maygrant *i%! certainminorsdeferredentryofjudgment(DEJ).Thepurpose ;+&" oftheDEJprogram,putintoeffectbyProposition21(a2000  initiativeapprovedbyCaliforniavoters)istoprovidean " informaljuvenilecourtalternativeforfirsttimenonviolent D offenders.Theyaregivena noncustodialopportunityto f demonstratethroughgoodconductandcompliancewitha 8  courtmonitoredtreatmentandsupervisionprogramthattheir Z  recordshouldbejustlyexpunged.(SeeInreMarthaC.(2003) |  108Cal.App.4th556,561.)  s# s#    ` 2. 0 Theminoradmitstheallegationsofthesection602petition,but 3  ajurisdictionalanddispositionalhearingisnotheld.Instead, V  entryofjudgmentisdeferredandtheminorisrequiredto (x  complywithcertainconditions.Ifheorshecomplieswith J  thoseconditions,foraperiodof12to36months,thechargesin l  thesection602petitionaredismissed,thearrestisdeemed  nevertohaveoccurredandtheminorsjuvenilerecordis  sealed.(SeeWelf.&Inst.Code,790794;Cal.RulesofCourt, " Rule5.800.)TheminormaynotappealafteragrantofDEJ, D becausethereisnojudgment.f s# s#    ` 3. 0 TheDEJstatuteimposesmandatorydutiesonboththe Z prosecutorandthejuvenilecourt.Theprosecutormust } determineiftheminoriseligibleforDEJ(i.e.doeshe/shemeet  thequalificationssetforthinWelf.&Inst.Code,790)and  notifytheminorandhis/herattorney.Then,thejuvenilecourt 3 mustdetermineiftheminorissuitableforDEJ;thecourtmust !U examinetherecord,conductahearing,andmakethefinal '"w determinationofwhethertheminorwillderivebenefitfrom I# education,treatmentandrehabilitation,ratherthanfroma k$ morerestrictivecommitment.(Welf.&Inst.Code,791,subd. %  (b);Rule5.800:InreLuisB.(2006)142Cal.App.4th1117,1121 &! 1123;InreSergioR.(2003)106Cal.App.4th597,605,607.)'"# s# s#    ` 4. 0 Thejuvenilecourtneednotmakeasuitabilitydetermination *g%! foreachandeveryminorwhoiseligibleforDEJ.Ifaminor :+&" receivesnoticeofDEJeligibility,buthe/shedoesnotwaive  his/herrighttoaspeedyjurisdictionalhearingandadmitallof " theallegationsofthepetition,butinsteadconteststhe D allegationsatajurisdictionalhearing,theminormaybe f deemedtohaverejectedDEJ.(InreKennethJ.(2008)158Cal. 8  App.4th973.)AccordingtoDivisionsTwoandThreeofthe [  FirstDistrictCourtofAppeal,thejuvenilecourthasnodutyto }  determineaneligibleminorssuitabilityforDEJunlessand   untiltheminoradmitsalloftheallegationsofthepetition.(In    reKennethJ.,supra[DivisionTwo];InreUsefS.(2008)160Cal. 4  App.4th276[DivisionThree].)TheDEJstatutoryscheme W  requirestheminortoadmiteachallegationofthepetitionin )y  lieuofacontestedjurisdictionalhearing.Ifaminorcontests K  someallegationsbutnotothersorcontestsanelementofan m  allegation,he/sheisnotentitledtoDEJ.(InreT.J.(2010)185  Cal.App.4th1504[ThirdDistrict].) s# s#    ` 5 .0 AminorwhoiseligibleforDEJdoesnot rejectDEJorwaive F hisrighttoadeterminationofDEJsuitabilitybylitigatinga i motiontosuppressevidence.Afterthatmotionisdeniedand ; beforethecommencementofacontestedjurisdictionalhearing, ] theminormayrequestDEJ.(InreA.I.(2009)176Cal.App.4th  1426.)Aneligibleminorisentitledtoadeterminationofhis/her  eligibilityforDEJafterhe/sheunsuccessfullylitigatesamotion  tosuppressevidenceandthenadmitsareducedcharge.(Inre 6 JoshuaS.(2011)192Cal.App.4th670[FirstDistrict,Division  !Y Two].) [A]minorisnotrequiredtoforegotherighttoa ,"| suppressionhearinginordertoacceptDEJ.(JoshuaS.,supra.)N# s# s#    ` 6. 0 Qualifications: TobeadmittedtotheDEJprogram,aminor %  mustbeeligibleundersection790,subdivision(a).(MarthaC. &" v.SuperiorCourt(2003)108Cal.App.4th556,560.)Aminoris ')# eligibleforDEJifallofthefollowingapply:(L$  s# s#    `  a. 0  Theminoris14yearsorolderatthetimeofthehearing @+&" ontheapplicationfordeferredentryofjudgment;s#s#    `  b. 0  Theoffenseallegedisnotlistedinsection707(b);Ds#s#    `  c. 0  Theminorhasnotbeenpreviouslydeclaredawardof 9  thecourtbasedonthecommissionofafelonyoffense;\ s#s#    `  d. 0  Theminorhasnotbeenpreviouslycommittedtothe ~  CaliforniaDepartmentofCorrectionsandRehabilitation,   DivisionofJuvenileJustice;  s#s#    `  e. 0  Iftheminorispresentlyorwaspreviouslyawardofthe W  court,probationhasnotbeenrevokedbeforecompletion;*z s#s#    `  f. 0  TheminormeetstheeligibilitystandardsstatedinPenal n  Codesection1203.06forprobation;ands#s#    `  g. 0  Theminoradmitsalloftheallegationsinthepetition, % waiveshisrighttospeedyadjudicationand H pronouncementofjudgment.js#s#    ` 7. 0 Whenaminormeetsthequalificationssetforthinsection ^ 791(a)andisthuseligibleforDEJ,thejuvenilecourtmay  summarilygrantdeferredentryofjudgmentorreferthematter  totheprobationdepartmentforareportontheminors  suitability.Inassessingtheminorssuitability,boththe 7 probationdepartmentandthejuvenilecourtmustconsiderthe  !Y minorsage,maturity,educationalbackground,family +"{ relationships,demonstrablemotivation,treatmenthistory,and M# othermitigatingandaggravatingfactorsindetermining o$ whethertheminorisapersonwhowouldbebenefittedby %  education,treatmentandrehabilitation.(Welf.&Inst.Code, &" 791,subd.(b);Rule5.800;InreSergioR.,supra.,at603607.)'%# s# s#    ` 8.0 Uponadeterminationofunsatisfactoryperformanceduring *j%! thedeferral,thejuvenilecourtmay lifttheDEJandschedule =+&" adispositionalhearing.(Welf.andInst.Code793,subd.(a).)0@#` (#` (# s# s#     D.0 ` DualDelinquencyandDependencyJurisdiction(Welfareand D InstitutionsCodesection241.1) rao g` s#` s# 0  0` s#s#Section241.1requiresthatwheneveraminorappearstofallwithin \  thedescriptionofbothadependentchildandadelinquentward,the ~  childwelfaredepartmentandtheprobationdepartmentmustjointly    initiallydeterminewhichstatuswillservethebestinterestsofthe    minorandtheprotectionofsociety.(241.1,subd.(a).)Both 4  departmentspresenttheirrecommendationstothejuvenilecourt, V  whichmustthendeterminetheminorsappropriatestatus.(Ibid.) (x  Withfewexceptions,aminormaynotbebothadependantchildand J  adelinquentward.(241.1,subds.(d)&(e).) Section241.1, l  subdivision(a)requirestherecommendationsoftheprobationand  welfaredepartmentstobesubmittedtothejuvenilecourtwiththe  petitionthatisfiledonbehalfoftheminor.(InreMarcusG.(1999) " 73Cal.App.4th1008,1013.)Acourtssection241.1determinationthat E theminorshouldbetreatedasadelinquentwardisanappealable g order.(InreHenryS.(2006)140Cal.App.4th248,256.)9` s#` s#     E.0 ` TheJurisdictionalHearing ra9v~` s#` s#      ` 1.0 Timeliness rav s# s# 0  0` s#s#Thehearingmustbeheldwithin15daysofthefilingthepetitionif !X theminorisdetained,orwithin30daysofthefiling,iftheminoris *"z notdetained.(Welf.andInst.Code657,subd.(a).)Thesole L# questionbeforethecourtiswhethertheminorcomeswithinsection n$ 602byvirtueofhisorherconduct.(Welf.andInst.Code701.) %  Note:Failuretoholdthehearingwithinthestatutoryperiodisnotan &" appealableorder.Theerrorneedstobeaddressedbyfilingawrit.'$#` s#` s#  :+&"      ` 2.0 BurdenofProof y s# s#  0  0` s#s#Fortheallegationsofapetitionbroughtundersection602,proof E beyondareasonabledoubtisnecessary.(Welf.andInst.701;Inre g Winship(1970)397U.S.358,368.)Theprosecution(thepetitioner) :  mustproveeachandeveryelementofthechargedcrime(s)beyonda ]  reasonabledoubt.Thisisrequiredbythedueprocessclauseofthe   FourteenthAmendment.(InreWinship,supra.) ` s#` s#      ` 3.0 ProceduralRights |6  s# s#  "ir"  ir }0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  a  .3  0 s# s#  ThecauseistriedtotheJuvenileCourtjudge.The +{  hearingisanadversaryproceedinganalogoustoan N  adultcriminaltrial(thoughwithoutajury).Theminor p  hasmany,thoughnotall,oftherightsguaranteedtoan  adultbeingtriedforacrime,includingtherightto  presentadefense.(InreWinship,supra,397U.S.358;In & reGault(1967)387U.S.1.)ir }M}݌Is#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  b  .3  0 s# s#  Inadditiontotheprotectionofthedueprocessclauseof > thefederalconstitution,Californiaprovidesbystatute a thattheminorhasarighttoacontestedhearingbefore  thecourt(Welf.andInst.Code701;Cal.RulesofCt.,  rule5.778;Id.,rule5.780),toberepresentedbycounsel  (Welf.andInst.Code679),tohavenoticeofthecharges : andanyintendedaggregationofconfinementtimefrom  !\ previouslysustainedpetitions(Welf.andInst.Code ."~ 726),toconfrontandcrossexaminewitnesses(Welf.and P# Inst.Code702.5),toremainsilent(ibid.),tothepresence r$ ofparentsorguardiansthroughouttheproceedings %  eveniftheyaretobecalledaswitnesses(Welf.andInst. &" Code656;id.,658),andtodismissalofthepetition ')# uponthegovernmentsfailureofproof(Welf.andInst. (L$  Code701.1).irK݌*n%!s#s# Ќ   @+&"  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  c  .3  0 s# s#  Legalrulesgoverningtheburdenofproofandthe  admissibilityofevidence(e.g.hearsayrules)are # substantiallythesameinjuvenileandadultcriminal E proceedings. Theadmissionandexclusionofevidence g shallbepursuanttotherulesofevidenceestablishedby 9  theevidencecodeandbyjudicialdecision.(Welf.And [  Inst.Code,701).ir݌} s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  d  .3  0 s# s#  Crawfordv.Washington(2004)541U.S.36applies:    ConfrontationClauseguaranteesadefendantsrightto 5  confrontthose whobeartestimonyagainsthim.(Id., W  atp.51.)Itattachestoatestimonialoutofcourt *z  statementofferedagainsttheaccusedinacriminal L  prosecution,renderingtestimonialstatementsbya n  nontestifyingwitnessinadmissibleunlessthewitnessis  unavailableandwaspreviouslysubjectto  cross-examinationbythedefendant.  irň݌$s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir20  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  e  .3  0 s# s#  Mostofthesamerulesregardingprivileges(e.g.the h attorneyclientprivilege)applyinjuvenilecourt. ; However,thereisnorecognizedparentminorprivilege. ] Thus,theprosecutormaycalltheparentstotestify  regardingtheminorscapacitytocommitthecrime,and  statementsmadebytheminortohis/herparents,  includingstatementsregardingtheallegedcrime,may 5 beadmissible,subjecttohearsayandotherevidentiary !W rules.(SeeInreTerryW.(1976)59Cal.App.3d745;but )"y seeDeLosSantosv.SuperiorCourt(1980)27Cal.3d677 L# [allowingparentactingastheminorsguardianadlitem o$ toevoketheattorneyclientprivilege].)Nevertheless,a %  communicationfromachildtoaparentmaybe &" protectedbythepertinentstatutoryprivilege,for '%# example,wherethestatementisnecessarytothe (G$  transmissionofinformationtotheminorsattorney, *i%! physicianorpsychotherapist.(SeeInreTerryW.,supra)ir2_݌;+&"s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir:0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  f  .3  0 s# s#  Anextrajudicialidentificationthatcannotbeconfirmed D byanidentificationatthetrialisinsufficienttosustaina g convictionintheabsenceofotherevidencetendingto 9  connectthedefendantwiththecrime.(InreMiguelL. [  (1982)32Cal.3d100,105,quotingPeoplev.Gould(1960) ~  54Cal.2d621,631[overruledinPeoplev.Cuevas(1995)12   Cal.4th252].)ir:g݌  s#s# Ќ  "ir"  irI0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  g  .3  0 s# s#  Thecorpusdelictirule,requiringproofoftheoffense X  independentoftheaccusedsextrajudicialstatement +{  appliesinjuveniledelinquencyproceedings.(InreLinda M  D.(1970)3Cal.App.3d567,572.Seealso,Peoplev.Ochoa p  (1998)19Cal.4th353,450[ruledefinedinadultcriminal  case].)irIv݌s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  h  .3  0 s# s#  TheaccomplicecorroborationruleofPenalCodesection I 1111doesnotalwaysapplyinjuvenilecriminal l proceedings. InreMitchellP.(1978)22Cal.3d946,949, > heldthatsection1111,prohibitingaconvictionuponthe a testimonyofanaccompliceunlessthetestimonyis  corroboratedbyotherevidencetendingtoconnectthe  defendantwiththecommissionoftheoffense,doesnot  applytojuvenilecourtproceedings.(AffdperAuto : EquitySales,Inc.v.SuperiorCourt(1962)57Cal.2d450in  !] InreChristopherB.(2007)156Cal.App.4th1557,1563 0" [statingthat withthepassageofnearly30yearsand S# attendantsignificantchangesinjuvenilelaw,theruleof u$ MitchellP.iswellpositionedforreassessment.]. %  Moreover,unreliableuncorroboratedaccomplice & " testimonyisnotsufficienttosustainanadjudicationfor ',# havingcommittedanoffense.(InreMiguelL.(1982).32 (N$  Cal.3dat100,109.)Notehowever,Migueldidnot !*q%! overruleInreMitchellP.,supra.(Butsee,InreE.L.B. D+&" (1985)172Cal.App.3d780,785786[questioningthe  continuedvalidityofMitchellinlightofgrowing " similaritybetweenjuveniledelinquencyandadult E criminalactions].)ir݌gs#s# Ќ  "ir"  irz0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  i  .3  0 s# s#  Thejuvenilecourtmaysustainapetitionbasedona [  lesseroffenseincludedinthechargedoffense,butmay ~  not,withoutthejuvenilesconsent,sustainthepetition   onanoffensenotincludedinthechargedoffense.(Inre    RobertG.(1982)31Cal.3d437,445;InreJohnnyR.(1995) 5  33Cal.App.4th1579,15831584.)irz݌X s#s# Ќ  "ir "  ir70  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  j  .3  0 s# s#  Thebaragainstbeingplacedtwiceinjeopardyforthe L  sameconductapplicabletoadultcriminaltrials,is o  equallyapplicableinjuveniledelinquencycases.(Breed  v.Jones(1975)421U.S.519,541;Barkerv.Estelle(9thCir.  1990)913F.2d1433,14391440[inCalifornia,jeopardy ' attachesattheadjudicationhearing];InreHenryG. I (1985)161Cal.App.3d646,650651.)ir7d݌ls#s# Ќ  "ir "  irD0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  k  .3  0 s# s#  Becausethecourtisthetrieroffact,thereissome ` limitationontheinformationitmayreviewpriorto  makingjurisdictionalfindingsonthepetition.Thecourt  mustrespectthestatutoryprocedurebifurcatingthe  jurisdictionalhearingfromthedispositionalhearing. 9 (See,Welf.andInst.Code701;InreEddieM.(2003)31  ![ Cal.4th480,488;InreGladysR.(1970)1Cal.3d855.) ."~ Thus,theJuvenileCourtmaynotreviewtheprobation Q# departmentssocialreportpriortoadjudicatingthe s$ petition.Doingsounderminesthefundamentalfairness %  oftheproceedingandviolatestheminorsrighttodue &" process.(InreGladysR.,supra,1Cal.3datpp.859861.)irDq݌')#s#s# Ќ  ݀ (L$   @+&"     `  4.0 NecessaryFindings/Orders st/ s# s#     `  a.0  Thecourtmustfindwhetheroneormorecriminal E allegationsareprovenbeyondareasonabledoubtand h whetherbasedonthatfinding,theminorcomeswithin :  thedefinitionofsection602.(Cal.RulesofCt.,rule \  5.780(e);rule5.780.(g).)Thesefindingsaresubjectto ~  reviewbytheCourtofAppeal. Whenajuvenilecourt   hassustainedtheallegationsofasection602petition,a    challengetothesufficiencyoftheevidencesupporting 4  thatrulingisgovernedbythesubstantialevidencerule. V  (InreAndrewI.(1991)230Cal.App.3d572,577;Inre (x  RoderickP.(1972)7Cal.3d801,80809.)Theappellate K  courtmustviewtheentirerecordinthelightmost n  favorabletothejudgmenttodeterminewhetherit  disclosessubstantialevidencesuchthatareasonabletrier  offactcouldhavefoundtheminorguiltybeyonda $ reasonabledoubt.(InreAndrewI.,supra..,at577.)Fs#s#     `  b.0  # i#Thecourtalsomustfindwhethernoticewasproperly ; givenanddeterminetheminorscorrectbirthdateand ^ countyofresidence.(Ibid.) s#s#     `  c.0  # հ#Iftheminorisunder14,thecourtmustmakeafinding  astocapacity!i.e.thattheminorunderstoodthe 8 wrongfulnessofhis/herconduct.Aminorundertheage  !Z of14yearsispresumedincapableofcommittingacrime ,"|  intheabsenceofclearproofthatatthetimeof N# committingtheactchargedagainstthem,theyknewits p$ wrongfulness.(Pen.Code26.)Thestandardof clear %  proofistheequivalentofclearandconvincing &" evidence.(InreManuelL.(1994)7Cal.4th229,238;Inre '&# JerryM.(1997)59Cal.App.4th289,297.)The (I$  prosecutionmayrebutthepresumptionofincapacityby *l%! evidenceregardingthenatureofthecrime,themanner >+&" inwhichitwascommitted,theproximityofthechilds  ageto14andthechildshistoryofcommittingsimilar " offenses.Theprosecutionmayalsorelyontestimonyby D parentsandotherswhoknowthechildaswellas f psychologicalexperts.(InTonyC.(1978)21Cal.3d888, 8  900;InreNirranW.(1989)207Cal.App.3d1157,1160 [  1161;InreClydeH.(1979)92Cal.App.3d338,344;Inre ~  MarvenC.(1995)33Cal.App.4th482;InreMichaelB.   (1983)149Cal.App.3d1073;InreBillyY.(1990)220Cal.    App.3d127;InrePaulC.(1990)221Cal.App.3d43.) 7 s#s#    `  d. 0  # -#Inasection602matter,thecourtmustfindwhetherthe ,|  offenseisamisdemeanororafelony,anditmust O  determinethedegreeoftheoffense,ifapplicable.(Cal. q  RulesofCt.,rule5.780(e);InreManzyW.(1997)14  Cal.4th1199,1203-1204.)s#s#     `  e.0  Ifthecourtdeterminestheallegationswerenotproven J beyondareasonabledoubt,itmustdismissthepetition m andterminateanydetentionorderspertainingtoit.(Cal. ? RulesofCt.,rule5.780(g).)as#s#    `  5.0 AdmissionoftheAllegations ne s# s#    `  a.0  Atthejurisdictionalhearing,theminormayeitheradmit : theallegationsofthepetitionorpleadnocontest,subject  !] totheapprovalofthecourt.(SeeCal.RulesofCt.,rule /" 5.778(e).)Q#s#s#    `  b. 0  TheBoykinTahlrules,asapplicabletojuveniles,have %  beencodifiedandextendedinthejuvenilecourtrules. & " (SeeInreRonaldE.(1977)19Cal.3d325;InreReginaN. '+# (1981)117Cal.App.3d.577,583584.)Rule5.778ofthe (N$  CaliforniaRulesofCourtsetsforththeprinciplesthat  *p%! applywhentheminorelectstoadmittheallegationsof B+&" thepetitionorpleadnocontest.s#s#    `    1. 0 h Theminormustbetoldofthefollowingfour D constitutionalrights:his/herrighttoahearingby g thecourtontheissuesraisedinthepetition; 9  his/herrighttoasserttheprivilegeagainstself [  incrimination;his/herrighttoconfrontandcross }  examineanywitnesscalledtotestifyagainstthe   child;andhis/herrighttousetheprocessofthe    courttocompeltheattendanceofwitnessesonthe 3  childsbehalf.(SeeRule5.778(b);Welf.&Inst. U  Code,702.5.)'w hs#hs#    `    2.0 h Iftheminorwishestoadmittheallegations,the k  courtmustfindandstateontherecordthatitis  satisfiedthattheminorunderstandsthenatureof  theallegationsandthedirectconsequencesofthe " admission.Thecourtmustalsofindandstateon D therecordthattheminorunderstandsandwaives f thefourrightslistedabove.(Rule5.778(c).)8hs#hs#    `    3.0 h Theminorscounselmustconsenttothe | admission,whichmustbemadepersonallybythe  minor.(Rule5.778(d).)hs#hs#    `       `    4.0 h Onanadmissionornocontestplea,thecourtmust !U makethefollowingfindingsnotedintheminutes ("x ofthecourt:noticehasbeengivenasrequiredby J# law;thechildhasknowinglyandintelligently l$ waivedthefourrightslistedinRule5.778(b);the %  childunderstandsthenatureoftheconduct &" allegedinthepetitionandthepossible '"# consequencesofanadmissionornocontestplea;(D$ hs#hs# 0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#0 s# s#0hs#s#thereisafactualbasisfortheadmissionorno *f%! contestplea;theallegationsofthepetitionas 8+&" admittedaretrueasalleged;andthechildisa  persondescribedbysection601and602.Ina " section602proceeding,thecourtmustalso D designatethedegreeoftheoffenseandwhetherit f isafelonyormisdemeanor.(Rule5.778(f);Welf.& 8  Inst.Code,702.)Z hs#hs#    `  c.0  Therulerequiresthatthecourtadvisetheminorand   satisfyitselfthattheminorpersonallyunderstandseach    oftheenumeratedrights,thenatureoftheconduct 3  allegedandadmitted,andthepossibleconsequencesof U  anadmission.Moreover,thecourtmustmakespecific 'w  findingsoneachpoint.Theserequirementscannotbe I  satisfiedbyhavingtheminorsignapreprintedform, k  evenifthecourtaskstheminorifhe/shesignedtheform  andunderstoodit.(SeeInreReginaN.(1981)117Cal.  App.3d577.)Noristhisrequirementsatisfiedbyasking " theminorsparentsorhis/herattorneywhetherthe D minorunderstandstheserightsandthecharges.(Inre f ReginaN.,supra.) 9s#s#    `  d.0  Infindingafactualbasisfortheadmissionornocontest  plea,thecourtmustsatisfyitselfthattheminoris  admittingthetruthoftheallegationsbecausetheminor  did,infact,committheactsalleged.However,since 6 ascertainingafactualbasisfortheadmissionisnot !X constitutionallyrequired,theminormustestablishthat *"z he/shewasprejudicedbythecourtsfailuretofinda L# factualbasisfortheadmissionorplea.(SeeInreRegina n$ N.(1981)117Cal.App.3d577[prejudiceshownbythe %  minorsrepeatedinsistencethatshedidnotactually &" committheconductthatshehadadmitted] \'&#s#s#    `  e.0  Aminormayappealafteranadmissionornocontest *l%! plea,andchallengethevalidityoftheadmissionorplea ?+&" withoutobtainingacertificateofprobablecause.s#s#    `  6.0 TransferofJurisdictionaftertheJurisdictionalHearing $f s# s# 0  0` s#s#Afterapetitionhasbeensustainedinthecountywheretheoffense [  occurredorwheretheminorwasfound,andpriortothe }  dispositionalhearing,thecourtmaytransferthemattertothecounty   oftheminorslegalresidenceforthedispositionalhearing.(Welf.    andInst.Code750;InreRamonaS.(1976)64Cal.App.3d945.)In 3  suchacase,theminorisentitledtoa transferouthearingto V  determinewhetherthetransferisinhis/herbestinterest.(Cal.Rules (x  ofCt.,rule5.610(e).)Theminorisalsoentitledtoa transferin J  hearinginthereceivingcountytodeterminethevalidityofthat l  countysterritorialjurisdictionandtomakeanorderfortheminors  custody/placementpendingthedispositionalhearing.(Cal.Rulesof  Ct.,rule5.612.)"` s#` s# "3 "   3y2  II  .3  0    DISPOSITION $3y݌fs#s# Ќ     `     h      p ";"   ;0  2  A  .3  0` s#s#  RighttoaHearing $;݌[` s#` s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  1  .3  0 ` s#` s#  If,atthejurisdictionhearing,thejuvenilecourtfindsthatthe  minorisapersonthatcomeswithinsection602,theminoris  entitledtoanevidentiaryhearingregardingtheappropriate 5 disposition.(Welf.andInst.Code702;Cal.RulesofCt.,rule !W 5.780(f);Id.,rule5.782(a).)݌)"y s# s# Ќ  ""  ^0  0` s#s#2  2  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Ifthejurisdictionwasestablishedthroughtheminors n$ admissionoftheallegedconduct,theminorhasarighttohave %  thesamejudgepresideoverhisdispositionalhearing.(People &" v.Arbuckle(1978)22Cal.3d749;InreMarkL.(1983)34Cal.3d '&# 171,177.)However,wheretherecordshowsthattheminor (I$  knewoftheexistenceoftheright,itmustbeexpressly *k%! exercisedeitherthroughrequestorobjectiontothepresenceof =+&" adifferentjudge,oritmaybedeemedimplicitlywaived.(Inre  JamesH.(1985)165Cal.App.3d911,918919.)^݌# s# s# Ќ  ""  (0  0` s#s#2  3  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Atthedispositionalhearing,theminorisentitledto h representationbycounselandtopresentevidence.(Welf.and ;  Inst.Code634[righttocounsel];InreMikkelsen(1964)226 ]  Cal.App.2d467,470471[construingsection706toprovide   righttopresentevidenceindefense].)(U݌  s# s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  4  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Theexclusionaryruleforillegallyobtainedevidenceis 6  inapplicabletothedispositionalhearing.(InreJimmyP.(1996)  Y  50Cal.App.4th1679,1686,fn.9,citingInreMichaelV.(1986) ,|  178Cal.App.3d159,169170.)݌O  s# s# Ќ  ";"   ;0  2  B  .3  0` s#s#  ConductoftheHearing $ ;݌` s#` s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  1  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Thejuvenilecourthasbroaddiscretiontofashionadisposition ( thatmeetstheneedsoftheminorandsociety.Thecourts K discretionmustbeexercisedinlighfofthepurposeofthe m juvenilelaw.(InreMichaelD.(1987)188Cal.App.3d1392, ? 13951396.)Specifically,thoughrehabilitationremainsan b importantgoal,ascurrentlywritten,thejuvenilecourtlaw  recognizes punishmentasarehabilitativetoolandincludes  an expressprotectionandsafetyofthepublicgoal.(Ibid.,  quotingWelf.andInst.Code202.Seealso,InreTeofilioA. ; (1989)210Cal.App.3d571,576.)TheCourtofAppealreviews !^ thejuvenilecourtsdispositionforabuseofdiscretion.(Inre 0" MichaelD.,supra.,at13951397;InreMichaelR.(1977)73Cal. S# App.3d327,332341.)݌v$ s# s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  2  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Thecourtshallreceiveinevidencethesocialstudyofthe & " minor...andanyotherrelevantandmaterialevidencethat '-# maybeoffered,includinganywrittenororalstatementoffered (O$  bythevictim,theparentorguardianofthevictimifthevictim !*q%! isaminor,orifthevictimhasdiedorisincapacitated,the C+&" victimsnextofkin.(Welf.andInst.Code706.)݌ s# s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  3  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Indeterminingtheappropriatedispositionforaminorfound D tocomewithinsection602,thejuvenilecourtmustconsider: g  inadditiontootherrelevantandmaterialevidence,(1)theage 9  oftheminor,(2)thecircumstancesandgravityoftheoffense [  committedbytheminor,and(3)theminorsprevious }  delinquenthistory.(Welf.andInst.Code725.5.)݌  s# s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  4  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Ifthecourthasnotdonesoatthejurisdictionalhearing,the 3  courtmustdeclarewhethertheoffensecommittedwasa U  misdemeanororafelony.(Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.780(e);Inre 'w  ManzyW.(1997)14Cal.4th1199,1203-1204.)Thisdutyis J  mandatory,andthecourtsfindingonthispointmaynotbe m  presumed.(InreManzyW.,supra,14Cal.4thatpp.12071209.)  Specifically,neitherthefactthattheoffensewasallegedasa  felony,evenifitwasadmitted,northecalculationofa $ maximumtermofconfinementtocorrespondtothatof F imprisonmentofanadultdefendantconvictedofafelony h determinethematter.(Ibid.)݌: s# s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  5  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Similarly,ifthecourthasnotdonesoatthejurisdiction  hearing,itmustfixthedegreeoftheoffense.(Pen.Code  1157;Id.,1192;Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.780(e);InreJacobM.  (1987)195Cal.App.3d58,61.) Uponthefailureofthe... 7 courttosodetermine,...thecrime...shallbedeemedtobeof  !Y thelesserdegree.(Pen.Code1157;Id.,1192.)Thisdutyis +"{ mandatory,anditsexecutionwillnotbeinferredmerelyfrom N# factualfindingsthatwillsupportadeterminationtheoffense p$ wasofthegreaterdegree.(InreJacobM.,supra,195Cal.App.3d %  atpp.6162.Butsee,InreDorothyB.(1986)182Cal.App.3d &" 509,521522[noerrorinfailingtodeterminewhethermurder '(# wasfirstorseconddegree,becauseineithercasethemaximum (J$  termofconfinementislife].)݌*l%! s# s# Ќ   >+&"   ";"  ;E0  2  C  .3  0` s#s#  Dispositionalchoicesavailabletothejuvenilecourt (18: ;Er݌` s#` s# Ќ  ""  r0  0` s#s#2  1  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Withoutdeclaringwardship,theJuvenileCourtmaydismiss E thepetitionoutright(Welf.andInst.Code782)or,with h enumeratedexceptions(e.g.,adjudicationsfor707(b)offenses, :  certaindrugoffensesandgangoffensesabsentunusual \  circumstances,thecourtmaydismissthepetitionandreferthe ~  minortotheprobationofficerforsixmonthsinformal   probation(Welf.andInst.Code654;CharlesS.v.Superior    Court(1982)32Cal.3d741,747).r݌5  s# s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  2  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Exceptwheretheminorhasbeenadjudicatedforanoffense *z  enumeratedinsection654.3,thecourtwithoutdeclaring M  wardshipmayplacetheminoronprobationforsixmonths o  (Welf.andInst.Code725,subd.(a));݌ s# s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  3  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Ifthecourtdeclarestheminoraward,itmay makeanyand % allreasonableordersforthecare,supervision,custody, H conductmaintenanceandsupportoftheminor, including j medicaltreatment.(Welf.andInst.Code727,subd.(a).)݌< s# s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  a  .3  0 s# s#  Thecourtmayordertheminortobeonprobation  withoutsupervisionbytheprobationofficerunlessthe  minorhasbeenadjudicatedawardforcommitting  enumeratedoffenses(e.g.,707(b)offenses,707(d) 7 offenses,burglary,drugpossession)(Ibid.);ir5݌ !Ys#s# Ќ  "ir"  irc0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  b  .3  0 s# s#  Thecourtmayplaceaminorinthehomeofhisorher N# parentorguardianwithprobationconditions.(Welf. q$ andInst.Code729.2.)irc݌% s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  c  .3  0 s# s#  Thecourtmaymakea generalplacementorderunder ''# whichtheminorisonprobationundersupervisionof (J$  theprobationofficerwhohasdiscretiontoplacethe *l%! minorinthehomeofirK݌>+&"s#s# Ќ     `    1.0 h hisparentorguardian,arelative,oranonrelative " extendedfamilymember(Welf.andInst.Code E 727,subd.(a),para.(1));ghs#hs#     `    2.0 h alicensedfosterhomeorgrouphome(Id.,727, [  subd.(a),para.(1)); hs#hs#  "ir"  ir 0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  d  .3  0 s# s#  Thecourtmaycommitaminordeclaredtobeaward    undersection602toalocaljuvenilehome,ranch,camp, 6  forestrycamporinstitution,ortothecountyJuvenile X  Hallundersupervisionoftheprobationofficer.(Welf. *z  andInst.Code730,subd.(a).)ir & ݌L s#s# Ќ  "ir"  irV0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  e  .3  0 s# s#  Finally,thecourtmaycommitaminor,declaredtobea  wardundersection602,totheDepartmentofJuvenile  Justice(DJJ),formerlytheCaliforniaYouthAuthority.irV݌%s#s# Ќ  0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#0 s# s# 1. 0hs#s#AjuvenilecourtwardcanbecommittedtoDJJ ; onlyifhe/shehascommittedanoffensedescribed ^ inWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection707(b)  andisnototherwiseineligibleforcommitment  underWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection733.  Section733statesthatawardshallnotbe 6 committedtoDJJifhe/shemeetsanyofthe !X followingthreeconditions:1)Thewardisunder *"z 11yearsofage;2)Thewardissufferingfromany L# infectious,contagious,orotherdiseasethatwould n$ probablyendangerthelivesorhealthofother %  inmatesatanyfacility;3)Themostrecentoffense &" allegedinanypetitionandadmittedorfoundto '$# betruebythecourtisnotdescribedinsection (F$  707(b),unlesstheoffenseisasexoffensesetforth *h%! inPenalCodesection290.008.(Theserestrictions :+&" onDJJcommitmentswentintoeffecton  September1,2007.)"hs#hs#    `    2. 0 h Thereisconflictingauthorityastowhetheracourt f hasauthoritytodismissaminor'snon-DJJ-eligible 9  mostrecentpetitioninordertocommitaminorto [  DJJ(byreachingbacktoanearlierpetitionwhich }  didallegeaDJJeligibleoffense).InreJ.L.L  M  (6th   Dist,2008)168Cal.App.4th43(yes);V.C.v.    SuperiorCourtL  M  (3rdDist,2009)173Cal.App.4th 5  1455(no);InreGregF.(1stDist,2011)192 X  Cal.App.4th1252(no).+{ hs#hs#  ";"   ;<0  2  D  .3  0` s#s#  ProbationConditions ayi;<v݌o ` s#` s# Ќ  ""  T0  0` s#s#2  1  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Thecourthasbroaddiscretiontoimposeconditionsof  probationthatarereasonablydesignedto enhance the ' reformationandrehabilitationoftheward.(Welf.andInst. I Code730,subd.(b);InreJoshW.(1997)55Cal.App.4th1,5.)T݌k s# s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  2  .3  0 ` s#` s#    However,thecourtsdiscretiontoorderprobationconditions ` isnotboundless.(Peoplev.Hackler(1993)13Cal.App.4th1049,  1058;Peoplev.Carbajal(1995)10Cal.4th1114,1121.)Injuvenile  cases,asinadultcriminalcases,thecourtsdiscretionislimited  bytheLenttest.(Peoplev.Lent(1975)15Cal.3d481,486; ; Peoplev.Beal(1997)60Cal.App.4th84,86;InreJoshW.,supra., !^ 55Cal.App.4that56.)Whenaprobationcondition requiresor 1" forbidsconductwhichisnotitselfcriminal,itisonlyvalidif S# theconductis reasonablyrelatedtothecrimeofwhichthe u$ defendantwasconvictedortofuturecriminality.(Peoplev. %  Lent,supra.,at486;InreAngelJ.,supra.,9Cal.App.4that1100.) @#  & " Insettingtheconditionsofaminorsprobation,thejuvenile '-# courtmustconsidernotonlythecircumstancesofthecrime, (O$  butalsotheminorsentiresocialhistory.(InreFrankieJ.(1998) !*q%! 198Cal.App.3d1149,1153;InreJimiA.(1989)209Cal.App.3d D+&" 482,488.)Eachcasemustbetakenonitsownfacts,anda  probationconditionmustbetailoredtofitthecircumstances " andmeettheminorsparticularneeds.(InreTanyaB.(1996)43 D Cal.App.4th1,7;InreBinhL.(1992)5Cal.App.4th194,203.)݌g s# s# Ќ  ""  h#0  0` s#s#2  3  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Thejuvenilecourtsdiscretionaryauthoritytoorderprobation \  conditionsisfurthercircumscribedbyconstitutional   considerations.(Peoplev.Bender(1988)205Cal.App.3d1277,   1279.Conditionswhichinfringeonconstitutionalrightsmust    benarrowlydrawn,specificallytailoredtomeetthe 6  probationersindividualneeds,andreasonablyrelatedtothe X  compellingstateinterestinreformationandrehabilitation. *z  (Peoplev.Hacker,supra.,13Cal.App.4that1058;Peoplev.Bauer, L  supra.,221Cal.App.3dat942;;InreLaylahK.(1991)229 o  Cal.App.3d1496,1502.)# =#  h##݌ s# s# Ќ    # N'# ""  '0  0` s#s#2  4  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Statutorilyauthorizedconditionsinclude:requiringtheminor H toattendschool;requiringtheminorandparentstoattend k counseling;settingacurfew;requiringdrug/alcoholtesting, = requiringdrugtreatment;orderingrestitution;andrequiring _ communityservice.(Welf.andInst.Code729.2;729.3;  729.7;729.8;729.9;729.10.)'(݌ s# s# Ќ  ""  *0  0` s#s#2  5  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Generally,onecannotchallengeaprobationconditionas  !Y unreasonableorunconstitutional(giventhefactsand ,"| circumstancesoftheindividualcase)forthefirsttimeon N# appeal;theminormustobjectatthedispositionalhearingto p$ preservethechallengeforappeal.However,thereisan %  exceptionforchallengesassertingthataprobationconditionis &" vagueoroverbroadonitsfaceasamatteroflaw,without '&# referencetothespecificfactsofthecase.(InreSheenaK.(2007) (H$  40Cal.4th875.)**݌*k%! s# s# Ќ   =+&"  ""  j.0  0` s#s#2  6  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Foradiscussionofchallengestoprobationconditions,see    PROBATIONCONDITIONS:ADULTSANDJUVENILESby # KimberlyFitzgerald(RevisedandUpdatedbyRichard E Braucher,KathrynSeligman,andJeremyPrice),January2011, g intheFDAPsonlineArticlesDatabaseat 9  4>of O  5  http://www.fdap.org/r-article_search.php?category=all60O0nse)  7of. 0 j..݌[  s# s# Ќ   ";"   ;10  2  E  .3  0` s#s#  NecessaryFindings/Orders ay1;11݌ ` s#` s# Ќ  ""  20  0` s#s#2  1  .3  0 ` s#` s#  [N]oward...shallbetakenfromthephysicalcustodyofa 4  parentorguardian,unlessuponthehearingthecourtfindsone W  ofthefollowingfacts:2 3݌)y  s# s# Ќ  0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#(1)Thattheparentorguardianisincapableofprovidingorhas m  failedorneglectedtoprovidepropermaintenance,training,  andeducationfortheminor. s# s# 0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#(2)Thattheminorhasbeentriedonprobationwhileincustody E andhasfailedtoreform.g s# s# 0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#(3)Thatthewelfareoftheminorrequiresthatcustodybetaken [ fromtheminor'sparentorguardian.} s# s# 0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#(Welf.andInst.Code726,subd.(a).) s# s#  ""  70  0` s#s#2  2  .3  0 ` s#` s#  Thecourtmustmakeprovisionforaresponsiblepartytomake !U educationaldecisionsfortheminor.(Welf.andInst.Code ("x 726,subd.(b).)77݌J# s# s# Ќ     F.0 ` CalculationofMaximumConfinementTimeandCredits ayl9% ` s#` s#    ` 1.0 Incasesinwhichtheminorisremovedfromhisorher '$# parentscustodyandorderedintooutofhomeplacement, (G$  otherthanDJJ,thefollowingruleapplies: Iftheminoris *i%! removedfromthephysicalcustodyofhisorherparentor ;+&" guardian...,theordershallspecifythattheminormaynotbe  heldinphysicalconfinementforaperiodinexcessofthe " maximumtermofimprisonmentwhichcouldbeimposed D uponanadultconvictedoftheoffenseoroffensestheminor f wasfoundtohavecommitted.(Welf.andInst.Code726, 8  subd.(c).)Z  s# s#     `  a.0  Thisiscalculatedbyfirstdeterminingwhethertheterm   foranyoftheadjudicatedoffensesmustbe stayed    underPenalCode654.(InreBillyM.(1983)139Cal. 3  App.3d973,978.)However,asapracticalmatter, V  whetherthetermis stayedorsimplyconsidered (x   concurrentwithanotherterm,theresultingmaximum J  termcalculationwillbethesame.(Ibid.)l s#s#     `  b.0  Next,thecourtchoosesa basetermfromamongthe  offensesfoundtruethefelonyoffensewiththegreatest $ upperterm,orthemisdemeanorwiththelongestterm. F Ifthepetitionprovidednotice(InreMichaelB.(1980)28 h Cal.3d548,553554),thisoffensemaybefromaprevious ; adjudication.(Welf.andInst.Code726;Pen.Code ] 1170;1170.1;654;InreEricJ.(1979)25Cal.3d522.)s#s#     `  c.0  Third,thecourtaddsanyapplicableenhancementtothe  basetermforthechosenoffense.Inadultsentencing, 7 thisiscalledthe principalterm.(Pen.Code1170;Id.,  !Y 1170.1.),"|s#s#     `  d.0  Fourth,thecourtmayaddanyconsecutivesubordinate p$ termsforotheroffensesfoundtruealongwithany %  applicableenhancements.Thisincludesotheroffenses &" chargedinthesamepetition,aswellasoffensesfrom ''# otherpetitionsthatwerepreviouslysustained.Ifthe (I$  petitionprovidednotice(InreMichaelB.,supra,28Cal.3d *k%! atpp.553554),thesetermsmayincludethe unserved >+&" portionsoftermsfrompreviousadjudicationsifthe  wardshipbasedonthepreviousadjudicationhasnot " beenterminated(InreDanaG.(1983)139Cal.App.3d D 678,680681).Subordinateterms,arecalculatedat1/3 g themiddletermforfeloniesand1/3thefulltermfor 9  misdemeanors.(Pen.Code1170.1;InreEricJ.,supra,25 [  Cal.3datpp.537538.) Specific,or conduct ~  enhancements(e.g.useofagun(Pen.Code12022.5)or   inflictionofgreatbodilyinjury(Pen.Code12022.7)    appendedtosubordinatetermsareimposedat1/3as 4  well.Theresultingtermiscalledthe aggregateterm.V s#s#    `  e. 0  Thejuvenilecourthassomelimiteddiscretionin J  calculatingthemaximumtermofconfinement.Ifthe m  juvenilecourt electstoaggregatethemaximumtermof  confinement(Welf.&Inst.Code,726(c)),thecourthas  thediscretionwhethertorunthetermsforothercurrent # orprioroffensesconsecutivelyorconcurrently.The E courtneednotstatereasonsforitsdiscretionary g decision.(InreJesseF.(1982)137Cal.App.3d164,167 9 169.)Thejuvenilecourtmayelectnottoaggregatethe \ periodofphysicalconfinementonapreviously ~ sustainedpetition.Aggregationisnotmandatoryor  automatic,butrestswithinthesounddiscretionofthe  juvenilecourt.(Inre.AlexN.(2005)132Cal.App.4th18.)4s#s#     `  f.0  Finally,thecourtreducesthistermbysubtractingcredit )"y foranytimespentinalockedfacility.(InreEricJ.,supra, L# 25Cal.3datpp.535536;InreRandyJ.(1994)22 o$ Cal.App.4th1497.)Juvenilesonlygetactualtimecredit; %  theyarenotentitledto conductcreditunderPenal &" Codesection4019.(InreRickyH.(1981)30Cal.3d176, '&# 185190.)(I$ s#s#    `  g.0  Note:inapracticalsense,thecalculationofmaximum =+&" confinementtimeoftenmakeslittlerealdifference.  Mostlocalorlessrestrictivefacilitiesandprogramshave " aprogramterm(e.g.sixmonths,ninemonths)thatisfar D shorterthanthemaximumconfinementtimeaswell. f However,itisimportantthatthemaximumtimebe 8  correctlycalculatedasanupperlimit,especiallyif Z  probationviolationslaterresultinrecommitment.| s#s#     ` 2.0 IfthewardiscommittedtotheDJJ,thejuvenilecourthasthe    discretiontocommithimorherforlessthanthemaximum 3  termbaseduponthefactsandcircumstancesofthematteror U  matterswhichbroughtorcontinuedtheminorunderthe 'w  jurisdictionofthejuvenilecourt.(Welf.andInst.Code731, I  subd.(b).)Inotherwords,whenaminoriscommittedtoDJJ, k  thejuvenilecourthasthediscretiontosetalessermaximum  termofconfinement!lessthanthemaximumtermthatcould  beimposeduponanadultconvictedofthesameoffenses.This ! provisionwaspassedin2003andwentintoeffectonJanuary1, C 2004.Forinterpretationofthisprovision,seeInreSeanW. e (2005)127Cal.App.4th1177;InreCarlosE.(2005)127Cal.App. 8 4th1529;InreJacobJ.(2005)130Cal.App.4th429;InreAlexN. [ (2005)132Cal.App.4th18.~ s# s# Ѐ"ir"  irW0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  a  .3  0 s# s#  Thereisadisagreementastowhetheracourtmayseta  maximumtermofconfinementbelowthemitigatedterm 4 authorizedforanadultconvictedofthesameoffense.In !V reJosephM.(2ndDist.2007)150Cal.App.4th889held )"y thatjustasthemaximumtermofimprisonmentsetsa L# ceilingonthemaximumtermofconfinement,the n$ minimumtermofimprisonment,calculatedusingthe %  mitigatedsentencingterm,establishesafloor.InreA.G. &" (1stDist,2011)193Cal.App.4th791disagrees,holding '%# thatajuvenilecourtisnotprecludedfromsetting (G$  maximumtermofconfinementbelowthemitigated *i%! term.irWGW݌;+&"s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir^[0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  b  .3  0 s# s#  Inthecaseofanindeterminatesentence,acourthas " discretiontoimposealessersentence.(InreR.O.(2009) D 176Cal.App.4th1493.)ir^[[݌gs#s# Ќ  "3"   3%]2  III  .3  0    MODIFICATIONOFORDERS 9R]3%]_]݌} s#s# Ќ  ";"   ;-^0  2  A  .3  0` s#s#  ProbationViolations(WelfareandInstitutionsCode777) 9Z^;-^g^݌  ` s#` s# Ќ     ` 1. 0 Anotice,inlieuofaformalpetition,maybefiledbythe W  probationofficerortheDistrictAttorneyunderWelfareand *z  InstitutionsCode777,allegingthatthewardhasviolateda L  conditionofprobationbyconduct notamountingtoacrime. n  (777,subd.(a).)Thenoticemustcontainaconcisestatement  offactstosupportthiscontention. s# s#    ` 2. 0 Theprovisionallowingjuvenileprobationrevocation F proceedingstobeinitiatedbyanotice,ratherthanbyaformal i  supplementalpetition,resultedfromProposition21,an ; initiativepassedbythevotersin2000.Amongotherthings, ] Proposition21amendedWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection  777tomakeitsubstantiallyeasiertomoveaminorintoamore  restrictiveplacementforviolationofprobation.Fora  discussionofthesechanges,see HOWPROPOSITION21 5 AMENDEDWELFAREANDINSTITUTIONSCODE !X SECTION777ANDCHANGEDPROBATIONVIOLATION +"{ PROCEDURESFORJUVENILEWARDS ,byKathryn N# Seligman,FDAPStaffAttorney,January2004,inthe q$ DelinquencylibraryofourArticlesDatabaseat %  4$ O  5  http://www.fdap.org/rarticle6weOe   7esearch.php.&" s# s#     ` 3.0 Juvenileprobationrevocationproceedingsarenowsimilarto (I$  adultprobationrevocationproceedingsandthewardis *l%! generallyentitledtothesamedueprocessprotectionsprovided >+&" adultsinthoseproceedings.(SeeInreEddieM.(2003)31Cal.4th  480,501502.)# s# s#     ` 4. 0 Specifically,however,theallegationsneedonlybeproventrue g byapreponderanceoftheevidence.(Welf.andInst.Code :  777,subd.(c).)(InreEddieM.,supra.,31Cal.4that501,508.)\  s# s#     ` 5. 0 Section777,subd.(c)states: [R]eliablehearsayevidenceis   admissibleinsofarasitwouldbe admissibleinanadult    probationrevocationhearing[under]Peoplev.Brown[(1989)] 6  215Cal.App.3d452andanyotherrelevantprovisionoflaw.  Y  Essentially,therulesgoverningtheadmissibilityofhearsayin +{  adultprobationrevocationproceedingsapplytojuvenile M  probationrevocationproceedings.(SeeInreKentronD.(2002) o  101Cal.App.4th1381;InreEddieM.,supra.,31Cal.4that501  502.)Theserules,whichbasicallyprovidedifferentstandards  fordeterminingthereliabilityandadmissibilityof ' documentaryhearsayasopposedtotestimonialhearsayareset I forthinPeoplev.Winson(1981)29Cal.3d711;Peoplev.Maki k (1985)39Cal.3d707,andPeoplev.Arreola(1994)7Cal.4th1144; > seealsoPeoplev.OConnell(2003)107Cal.App.4th1062.) a NotethatCrawfordv.Washington(2004)541U.S.36heldthat   testimonialhearsayisinadmissibleagainstanadultcriminal  defendant.However,Division3oftheFirstDistrictCourtof  AppealhasheldthatCrawforddoesnotapplytoadult ; probationrevocationproceedings.(Peoplev.Johnson(2004)121 !^ Cal.App.4th1409,1411.)1" s# s# Ѐ   ` 6. 0 Whatifthejuvenilewardcommitsaviolationofprobation %  whichalsoconstitutesacrime!forexample,thewardcommits & " anassaultorescapesfromthejuvenileranch?Anyprobation ',# violation,includingconductthatisinherentlycriminalin (N$  nature,canbeallegedinasection777notice,filedbyeitherthe  *p%! districtattorneyortheprobationofficer.(SeeInreEddieM., B+&" supra.,31Cal.4that490502;InreEmilianoM.(2003)31Cal.4th  510,516517.)Therefore,ifajuvenilewardonprobation # commitsacrime(e.g.escapesfromtheranch),thegovernment E hasthreeoptions:g s# s#    `  a. 0  Thedistrictattorneyortheprobationofficercanfilea [  section777noticeallegingthatthewardviolated ~  probationby failingtoobeyalllaws, escapingfrom   theranch,or leavingtheranchwithoutpermission.    However,inthatnotice,theprosecutorcannotformally 4  allegeaviolationofWelfareandInstitutionsCode V  section871.Theallegationthatthewardviolated (x  probationbyescapingfromtheranchwouldneededto J  beprovedbyapreponderanceoftheevidence,and l  reliablehearsaywouldbeadmissible.Iftheprosecution  prevails,thewardcanbemovedintomorerestrictive  custody,buthewouldnothaveanewcrimeonhis " juvenilerecord.Ds#s#    `  b. 0  Thedistrictattorneycanfileaformalsection602petition 8 allegingthenewcrimeescapingfromajuvenilefacility [ inviolationofWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection871. } Underthisoption,theprosecutormustprovethe  criminalallegationbeyondareasonabledoubt.Ifthe  districtattorneyprevails,thewardhasthisnewcrimeon 3 hisrecordandhismaximumconfinementtimeis !U increased.'"ws#s#    `  c. 0  Thedistrictattorneycanfilebothaformalsection602 k$ petition(allegingthenewcrime)andasection777 %  petition(allegingaprobationviolation).&"s#s#  8+&"  ";"   ;5{0  2  B  .3  0` s#s#  PetitionsforModification(WelfareandInstitutionsCodesections  775,777,and779)  b{;5{o{݌#` s#` s# Ќ     `     h      p      x     ` 1.0 Section775investsthejuvenilecourtwithcontinuing i jurisdictionoveritswardsandprovidesthejuvenilecourt <  judgewiththepowertochange,modifyorsetasideanyprior ^  order,includingadispositionalorder.Thejuvenilecourthas   jurisdictiontohearanddetermineanypriororder,including   anorderdeclaringwardship,eventhoughanappealis    pendingfromthatorder.(InreCorey(1964)230Cal.App.2d 6  813,819.) Y  s# s#    ` 2. 0 Section778and779setforththeproceduresforpetitioningthe M  juvenilecourtformodificationofapreviousorder,specifically p  includinganordercommittingthejuvenilewardtoDJJ.The  probationofficer,theward,or any...personhavingan  interestinthewardmaypetitionthejuvenilecourttomodify & anexistingorder.(Welf.andInst.Code778[anyorder];Id., H 779[anordercommittingthewardtotheCalifornia k DepartmentoftheCorrectionsandRehabilitation,Divisionof = JuvenileJustice( DJJ)].)_ s# s#     ` 3.0 Iftheverifiedpetitionallegesfactsfromwhichitmaybe  concludedthat thebestinterestsoftheminormaybe  promotedbytheproposedchangeoforder,thecourtmust 8 grantthepetitionerahearing.(Welf.andInst.Code778;Cal.  !Z RulesofCt.,rule5.570(e).),"| s# s#     ` 4.0 Thejuvenilecourtmustdeterminewhether changed p$ circumstancesor newevidencewarrantthemodificationof %  theexistingorder.(Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.570(e);InreCorey &" (1964)230Cal.App.2d813,831.)'(# s# s#     ` 5.0 Again,theallegationsneedonlybeproventruea *l%! preponderanceoftheevidence.(Cal.RulesofCt.,rule5.570(i); ?+&" InreGlenJ.(1979)97Cal.App.3d981,987.) s# s#    ` 6. 0 Asnoted,ajuvenilewardorhisrepresentativecanfilea E  petitionformodificationrequestingthatanydispositional h orderbemodifiedbecauseofchangedcircumstancesornew :  evidence.(SeeWelf.&Inst.Code,778)Mostsignificantly,a \  juvenilewardcanfileapetitiontomodifyorvacatehis ~  commitmenttotheDJJ.(SeeWelf.&Inst.Code,778and779)   Thewardcanmakethisrequestbasedonchanged    circumstancesornewevidence.Thewardcanalsoallegethat 4  heisunlikelytobenefitfromtheeducationandtreatment V  providedbytheDJJ,consistentwithWelfareandInstitutions (x  Codesection734.(SeeWelf.&Inst.Code,734,779;Inre J  AntoineD.(2006)137Cal.App.4th1314,13221323.)m  s# s#    ` "3"   3*2  IV  .3  0    TERMINATIONOFJURISDICTION  W3*d݌$s#s# Ќ  ";"  ;60  2  A  .3  0` s#s#  Inmostcases,thejuvenilecourtretainsjurisdictionoverthesection i 602warduntilthewardis21yearsold:Generally, [t]hecourtmay < retainjurisdictionoveranypersonwhoisfoundtobeawardor ^ dependentminorofthejuvenilecourtuntilthewardordependent  minorattainstheageof21years.(Welf.andInst.Code607,subd.  (a),emphasisadded.);6c݌` s#` s# Ќ    B.0 ` However,insomecases,thejuvenilecourtretainsjurisdictionuntil !X thesection602wardis25yearsold:Ifthewardshipisbasedon +"{ commissionofanenumeratedseriousfelonyundersubdivision(b)of M# section707( section707(b)offense),andthewardissenttotheDJJ, o$ ortoamentalhealthfacilityuponapleaofinsanity(Welf.andInst. %  Code702.3),thecourtmayretainjurisdictionuntilthewardreaches &" theageof25years.(Welf.andInst.Code607,subd.(b)and(d).) '%# However,thecourtmaynotterminatejurisdiction,leavingtheward (G$  incustodyoforundersupervisionoftheDJJ.(Welf.andInst.Code *i%! 607,subd.(c).);+&"` s#` s# Ї ";"  ;0  2  B  .3  0` s#s#  TheDJJmaintainsjurisdictionoverawardcommittedtoituntilthe  wardreachestheageof21years,unlessthecommitmentisbasedon # asection707(b)offense,inwhichcase,DJJjurisdictionlastsuntilage E 25.(Welf.andInst.Code1769.);݌g` s#` s# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  C  .3  0` s#s#  Thejuvenilecourtshallnotdischargeanypersonfromitsjurisdiction [  whohasbeencommittedtotheDJJ,solongasthepersonremains ~  underthejurisdictionoftheDJJ.(Welf.AndInst.Code607,subd.   (c).Thejuvenilecourtretainsjurisdictionevenifthewards    commitmenttotheDJJisvacated.(InreAntoineD.(2006)137Cal. 4  App.4th1314,1323.);Ҕ݌W ` s#` s# Ќ  ";"  ;f0  2  D  .3  0` s#s#  Notwithstandingthecourtsgeneralpowertoretainjurisdictionuntil K  theseagelimits,thejuvenilecourtcandismissapetitionorsetaside n  findingsatanytime,evenafterproofbeyondareasonabledoubt,in  theinterestofjustice.(Welf.andInst.Code775;782.);f݌` s#` s# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  E  .3  0` s#s#  WhenajuvenilewardiscommittedtotheDJJ,thejuvenilecourt F retainsjurisdictionoverthatward.However,thejuvenilecourtdoes i nothavedirectsupervisionoverthatwardsrehabilitation.Thus,for ; example,thejuvenilecourtcannotcontrolthewardsbehavioratthe ] DJJbyimposingconditionsofprobation.(SeeInreAllenN.(2000)84  Cal.App.4th513.);Й݌` s#` s# Ќ  "3"   3l2  V  .3  0    DIRECTFILESAND UNFITJUVENILES  3l݌!Xs#s# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  A  .3  0` s#s#  AsanexceptiontothejurisdictionoftheJuvenileCourtoverthose M# minorswhocommitcriminaloffenses,theprosecutormustprosecute p$ ajuvenileinadultcourtforspecificenumeratedoffenses(e.g.capital %  murderandundercertainconditionsforciblesexoffenses)ifthe &" minorisatleast14yearsofageorolderatthetimeofthealleged '&# offense,andtheminorisallegedtobetheactualperpetrator.(Welf. (H$  andInst.Code602,subd.(b).)NOTE:anorderfindingajuvenile *j%! unfitfortreatmentthroughjuvenilecourtis%  %Ѡnotan% C %Cappealable% D %Dorder <+&" (reviewablebyextraordinarywrit)(Peoplev.ChiKoWong(1976)18  Cal.3d698,709);݌#` s#` s# Ќ  ";"  ; 0  2  B  .3  0` s#s#  Further,theprosecutormay directfileacaseinadultcriminalcourt g inseveralsituationsunlesstheminorandoffensequalifyfor :  mandatoryadultprosecutionundersubdivision(b)ofsection602:; :݌\ ` s#` s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  1  .3  0 ` s#` s#  wheretheminoris16yearsofageorolderand݌  s# s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  a  .3  0 s# s#  isallegedtohavecommittedanoffenseenumeratedin 5  subdivision(b)ofsection707(seriousandviolent X  felonies)(Welf.andInst.Code707,subd.(d),para.(1));irB݌*z s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  b  .3  0 s# s#  isallegedtohavecommittedanyfelonyagainstan n  elderlyordisabledvictim(Welf.andIns.Code707,  subd.(d),para.(3))havingbeenpreviouslyadjudicated  forsuchanoffense;ir ݌%s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  c  .3  0 s# s#  isallegedtohavecommittedahatecrimeoracrimeto i benefitacriminalstreetgang(Welf.andInst.Code707, < subd.(d),para.(3)).ir"݌^s#s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  2  .3  0 ` s#` s#  andwheretheminorisatleast14yearsofageand݌ s# s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  a  .3  0 s# s#  ithasbeenallegedtheminorpersonallyusedafirearm 7 inthecommissionoftheoffense(Welf.andInst.Code  !Z 707,subd.(d),para.(2));ir݌,"|s#s# Ќ  "ir"  ir0  0` s#s#0 ` s#` s#2  b  .3  0 s# s#  ithasbeenallegedtheminorcommitteda707(b)offense p$ havingbeenpreviouslyadjudicatedforsuchanoffense, %  ortheoffensewasallegedlycommittedtobenefita &" criminalstreetgang,ortheoffenseconstitutedahate ''# crime,ortheallegedvictimwaselderlyordisabled (I$  (Welf.andInst.Code707,subd.(d),para.(2)).irѭ݌*k%!s#s# Ќ   =+&"  ";"  ;p0  2  C  .3  0` s#s#  Finally,theprosecutioncanseeka fitnesshearingintwosituations:;p݌` s#` s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  1  .3  0 ` s#` s#  wheretheminoris16yearsorolder,andisallegedtocome E withinsubdivision(a)ofsection602basedonanyoffense, h exceptthoseenumeratedinsubdivision(b)ofsection707 :  (Welf.andInst.Code707,subd.(a));ϱ݌\  s# s# Ќ  ""  0  0` s#s#2  2  .3  0 ` s#` s#  andwheretheminoris14yearsorolder,andisallegedto   comewithinsubdivision(a)ofsection602basedona707(b)    offense(Welf.andInst.Code707,subd.(c)).݌5  s# s# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  D  .3  0` s#s#  Theproceduresapplicableto directfiles,fitnesshearingsand )y   unfitjuvenilescanbefoundinsections707,707.1,707.2and707.4.;݌L ` s#` s# Ќ  "3"   3 2  VI  .3  0    APPEALS  :3 G݌s#s# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  A  .3  0` s#s#  Theinitialdispositionalorderisthe judgmentforpurposesofthe & appeal.(See,InreEliF.(1989)212Cal.App.3d228,232233[a I dependencycasediscussingthegenesisoftherighttoappealin l juvenilecases].)It,andanysubsequent orderafterjudgmentare > appealable.(Welf.andInst.Code800,subd.(a);Cal.RulesofCt., ` rule5.585.);,݌` s#` s# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2  B  .3  0` s#s#  Anappealistakenbyfilinganoticeofappealinthejuvenilecourt  within60daysoftheorderfromwhichtheappealistaken.(Welf. 9 andInst.Code800.);݌ ![` s#` s# Ќ  ";"  ;m0  2  C  .3  0` s#s#  Althoughthereisnoprovisionforbailforjuvenileoffenderspending O# appeal,thejuvenilecourthasdiscretiontoreleasethewardpending r$ appeal.(Welf.andInst.Code800.);m݌% ` s#` s# Ќ  ";"  ;/0  2  D  .3  0` s#s#  Aminorappealingfromanorderofthejuvenilecourtisentitledto '(# appointmentofcounselonappeal.(Welf.andInst.Code800.);/\݌(K$ ` s#` s# Ќ